International Business (IB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business (IB) - Essay Example The main lines of production were cables, rubber and paper, while electronics unit was still relatively small. However, all this changed with the International acquisitions of several European electronics companies. Thus Nokia strengthened its position in the consumer electronics and telecommunications market. Nokia has used collaborative ventures as a strategy particularly in Europe and in Asia, especially in China. Europe being a developed market, it made sense for Nokia to enter into joint ventures to build upon the expertise and the knowledge base of the existing companies. By 1991, the bilateral trade agreements between Finland and Soviet Union were abolished and Nokia started looking for intermediaries. This led Nokia to enter into indirect exports through joint ventures in Europe. China was a promising but unfamiliar overseas market. Thus Nokia entered into joint ventures with Chinese and other Asian companies and Government to achieve the following objectives: Nokia has been using networks based on innovative ideas to keep pace with a dynamic technological environment, which evolved into mobile telephony. Nokia used mainly international innovation networks in becoming a world leader in the mobile phone industry. This is the best example of Nokia’s collaborative venture strategy as an internationalization mode. Nokia’s international business strategy gradually moved from collaborative ventures to more of exports as it gained foothold in the overseas markets. However, instead of making the home country Finland its export hub, it chose Countries like China and India as their export hubs to the rest of the world. Thus Nokia’s Export policy could be seen as a furtherance of its collaborative ventures. From China alone, where Nokia earlier pursued primarily the policy of Collaborative ventures, its exports grew by 50% to a record level in the year 2001. China, which had acquired the position of the second

Hyperthyroidism Case Study

Hyperthyroidism Case Study Introduction Patient A is a 49 year old female of 76 kilograms and height of 161.5 centimetres. The patient has attempted to diet but has gained 11.3 kilograms in the previous months. The patient also sleeps for 14-16 hours a day. Her movements were slothful. The patients signs consisted of a slight enlargement of the neck area, coarse textured hair and dry skin. When her blood sample was analysed it showed that the hormone T4 (thyroxin) levels were 3.2 micrograms/millilitre which is lower than the normal range, 4.2-11.2 micrograms/millilitre. In addition to this her TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) levels were high. Diagnosis The analysis of the weight gain using the diagnosis table shows that this could be as a result of hyperthyroidism or Cushing syndrome or hypothyroidism. The slothful behaviour could be caused by Addisons disease or hypothyroidism. The dry skin of the patient is consistent with the hypothyroidism condition. The swelling on the neck could be a goitre which results from a lack of iodine in the thyroid gland. Overstimulation causes the thyroid gland to swell. This swelling could also be a result of hyperthyroidism whereby the thyroid gland secretes too much thyroid hormone and the swelling also results, or it could be a thyroid tumour which also causes the swelling. [1,2] The signs and symptoms are consistent with either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and are on the thyroid gland. Cross-section diagram of the neck showing the thyroid gland (106.gif) http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Hypothyroidism-Underactive-Thyroid.htm Analysis of blood samples and effect of hormones on homeostasis The hormone T4 speeds up metabolic rates regulates the amount of oxygen used up by cells and regulates body heat. [3] The patients weight gain could be as a result of a decrease in the rate of digestion. Low T4 levels mean that not enough digestive juices are being secreted because T4 controls metabolic rates resulting in the slow movement of smooth muscles lining the stomach. T4 promotes the normal development of muscle tone and normal functioning of skeletal and cardiac muscles. This possibly explains why the patient is experiencing slothful movement. [1] In addition to this T4 also promotes the hydration of the skin, secretion of the exocrine glands and the growth of hair. The consequences of low T4 could explain why the patients hair is coarse and why the patient has dry skin. [1] To distinguish between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism a T4 and TSH test have to be done. [4] The TSH test is normally chosen for the evaluation of the thyroid function and for the symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. It is often done with or after a T4 test. The results of the tests performed show an elevated TSH level and a low T4 level which show that the patient has hypothyroidism. Condition Normal Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Secondary TSH Normal Low High Low T4 Normal High Low Low [4] WHAT IS HYPOTHYROIDISM Hypothyroidism is a condition caused by the underactive functioning of the thyroid gland whereby the thyroid does not produce enough or does not even produce triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4). [1] The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ which is found inferior to the Larynx and in front of the neck. [1] If the thyroid is underactive hypothyroidism appears. They are two types of hypothyroidism and these are primary and secondary hypothyroidism. [4] Primary Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid does not produce T4 and T3 hormones at all. [4] Secondary Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid produces amounts of T3 and T4 which are below the normal levels. [4] The thyroid gland swells up in as a result of it trying to achieve homeostasis. The body has low T4 levels therefore the gland works even harder to try and produce more hormones and this causes an increase in the size of the gland. Causes 95% of the time the thyroid gland is not secreting sufficient thyroid hormone and this could cause the hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism could be an autoimmune disease. The immune system protects the body from foreign substances and infection. However, in this case the immune system mistakes the thyroid gland cells and enzymes, as foreign objects and attacks them resulting in the low production of thyroid hormone. [5] Hypothyroidism could also be as a result of Hashimoto disease (chronic thyroiditis). This is a genetic autoimmune disease which could also result the enlargement of the thyroid gland causing goitre. Goitre is a cyst like fibrous growth in the neck region and is caused by an immunologic dysfunction or by an infection and requires lifelong treatment. Stress, poor dieting and strenuous exercise could also cause an imbalance of hormones and leads to hypothyroidism. [6] Hypothyroidism can also result from low iodine concentrations in the body. Iodine is required for the proper and normal functioning of the thyroid gland hence insufficient amounts would cause a dysfunction. [5] The enlargement of the gland is an attempt by the thyroid gland to trap more iodine. X-ray radiation, drug abuse and pesticide residues also contribute to having an underactive thyroid gland. [7] Another way of acquiring hypothyroidism could be the after effect of a surgery for example on the removal of thyroid glands. The surgery could be performed on a patient with cancer or the Graves Disease but if partially removed it could fail to produce enough thyroid hormone necessary to regulate normal and necessary bodily functions. [7-8] Surgery could also be performed on the pituitary gland which sends instructions to the thyroid gland on how much thyroid hormone should be produced. [5] Any damage to the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus could cause hypothyroidism as they both p lay a role in sending signals to the thyroid gland so that it produces more thyroid hormone. In some cases the condition could arise from the use of drugs such as amiodarone, lithium interferon alpha, and interkulin-2. These drugs stop the thyroid gland from producing the thyroid hormone at a normal and are likely to trigger hypothyroidism especially in patients with a genetic tendency to auto immune thyroid disease. [5] Possible Treatment methods To treat hypothyroidism artificial hormones such as Levothyroxine or Liotrix can be administered to the patient so as to replace the hormones; T4, TSH or T3 that are lacking in the body. Iodine supplements or iodised salt for those with iodine deficiency can be effective as well. [9-10] The doses of the drugs are not fixed hence the medicine is only formulated when the amount of hormone in the patient has been determined, therefore the patient has to return for constant check-ups after 6 week intervals so that the blood samples and the hormones can be analysed again so that the dosage can be changed. [7-10] When treating the elderly that have a history of heart disease, low doses of the drug have to be administered as this could lead to a greater/increased risk of heart attack. [10] For the short term treatment of hypothyroidism, T hormones are used to inhibit the synthesis of TSH in the body. Hormone replacement is predominated by the prolonged effect of T hormones on the level of TSH present. For those who do not prefer drug therapy for hypothyroidism homeopathic remedies are also available. The homeopathic remedies such as Thyax and Thyroidinum 6C can be used to stimulate the thyroid gland to start to produce its own hormone. [11-12] Prognosis If the condition of hypothyroidism is detected early there is a high chance that the condition can be completely controlled using medicine. After treatment with drugs, the levels of thyroid hormones usually return to normal after several months, whereas in other individuals suffering from hypothyroidism, the disorder is a lifelong problem. [13] Their treatment should be taken consistently every day for the rest of their lives. [14] If hypothyroidism goes untreated it could lead to other complications. Low thyroxin levels cause the level of lipids and cholesterol to rise, causing the patient to suffer from heart disease. [13] In pregnant women there is an increased risk in having anaemia, still birth and serious bleeding after birth or it could lead to a myxoedema coma, which arises due to the low levels of thyroid hormone. [13-14] Advantages and disadvantages of chosen treatment methods With allopathic remedies there is a chance that if the drug dosage is too low it could cause hypothyroidism and if the drug dosage is too high it could lead to hyperthyroidism. The homeopathic remedies are the best treatment methods as compared to the supplementation medications as it aids the gland to function properly, whereas in the supplementation medications the gland could become too dependent on the drugs and throw the other glands in the body off balance. [12] If the doses of the artificial hormones are not check or changed, with time this could lead to hyperthyroidism. Prevention methods There are no medication preventative methods for hypothyroidism, but a healthy diet can protect and preserve ones health. The patient can take iodine supplements in their food and this reduces the risk of them contracting it. Exercising, getting enough sleep, relaxation are ways in which hypothyroidism future problems can be avoided. Exercise is another activity that boosts the levels of thyroid hormone therefore reducing the risk of hypothyroidism. [15] Conclusion There is no cure to the condition therefore the patient will have to keep taking medicine for the rest of their lives. The patient will have to go for constant check-ups in order to change the dose according to the thyroid hormone levels that they have, and the misuse of the drugs could make their condition worse. [16]

Scars of Sethe and Paul D in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Mor

The Scars of Sethe and Paul D in Beloved Scars are undoubtably an incredible means of storytelling in Beloved. No matter how a person changes or what happens to them, these marks are another bit of tangible history, following each of them wherever they may go. These physical characteristics are what one can believe in, more than what is said or written. When written and oral language can many times not be trusted, physical characteristics provide another more certain form of communication--one that cannot be biased or altered. People not only know the identity of someone by knowing their scars, but each scar tells a story of what a person has gone through. Sethe's back and the scars caused by her beating are important in the story in terms of telling a story of what she's been through, providing a way in which she and some of the other characters may connect. For example, Paul D learns more about Sethe and is able to connect with her through her scars. When Sethe first attempts to explain to Paul D what had happened to her on pages 16-7, he has trouble understanding the true...

Carpe Diem

Alex Rohret Mrs. Oxley English 1302 22 February 2013 The Light and Dark Sides of the Force The first time I heard the phrase Carpe Diem, I wasn’t sure what to think. First of all, I had never heard either of the words used in the phrase. Secondly, after repeating the words in my head a few times to see if I was getting them mixed up with some other words that are actually in the English Language. I later came to figure out that these words weren’t in the English Language at all; they’re in the dead language of Latin. This phrase’s literal translation in English is â€Å"Seize the Day. There are a number of similar phrases that are popular today that might be easier to understand. The most recent, and possibly more popular, is Yolo, meaning You Only Live Once. These two phrase’s purpose is to tell people to live each day like it’s their last. Robert Herrick’s Poem; To the Virgins to Make Much of Time, is a perfect way to tell others ho w to live each day to the fullest when he says â€Å"Gather  ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying : And this same flower that smiles to-day To-morrow will be dying. This is the first stanza to his poem, and in my opinion is the best stanza of the poem. Herrick’s meaning behind this stanza is basically to Seize the Day. This stanza’s translation, to me, is to do what you want while you can because you will not live forever, and if you don’t do what you want today, then tomorrow you might not get the chance to do anything at all. The reason that we’re studying Carpe Diem is because of the movie Dead Poets Society. The setting of Dead Poets Society takes place in the 50’s at an all boy’s prep school, where it always seems to be cold. A new English teacher, Mr.Keating, at the school inspires a group of kids to start an underground poetry reading group, where the students read poems written by dead poets, or written by themselv es. All of the poems read at these meetings follow the same meaning: carpe diem. The name of this group is the Dead Poets Society. Out of Herrick’s same poem â€Å"That age is best which is the first, When youth and blood are warmer; But being spent, the worse, and worst Times still succeed the former. † This excerpt explains that it is better to live life to the fullest while you’re young, because as you age, you lose chances to seize the day.The Dead Poets Society is adolescent boys, which is exactly the time to seize the say according to To the Virgins to Make Much of Time. The adolescents in this society interpret Carpe Diem differently, because there is more than one way that it can be interpreted. Since there are different ways to interpret Carpe Diem, each character does something different. For example, a boy named Knox meets a girl from the local public High School, and falls for her. He works up the courage to call her one night, and she invited him to a party at her boyfriend’s house, where he kissed her, and proceeded to get beaten by her boyfriend.Another boy, Charlie, changes his name to Nuwanda, and insists all of the dead poets to call him as such. During a school wide meeting, Nuwanda brings in a phone and pretends to get a call from god, he then tells the headmaster that the call is for him. All of these boys do exactly what Herrick says in his poem. They are gathering ye rosebuds, while they can. I like to think of Carpe Diem as similar to The Force in Star Wars: there is a dark side, and a light side. The side that most of us would like to know is the side where one does whatever they want and only has fun doing it, which is known as the light side.The dark side is where one does what they want, but what they want to do may be way overboard, and the repercussions of their actions may lead to serious consequences, or even death. One of the boys, Neil, has an overbearing father that is making him go to school to be a doctor. But what he really wants is to be an actor. Mr. Perry would say things like, â€Å"You have opportunities that I never even dreamt of, and I am not going to let you waste them! †(Dead Poets Society). This, to me, is what set Neil over the edge. I believe that at this moment he realized that his father was trying to live through him.This was the moment that Neil finally has had enough, this was Neil’s climax. What happens to Neil brings out the dark side of the force that is known as Carpe Diem. Instead of talking to his father about what he wants, he does something as drastic as taking his own life. Neil went entirely too far with living each day like it is you last, because he would have lived the next day, if it were not for his poor choices. The resolution of this film doubles as another boy’s climax. Todd is a very bashful boy that only tries to do what is expected of him. Todd was even bashful through Mr.Keating’s teachings of Carpe Diem a nd all of the Dead Poets Meetings that took place. But at the end of the film, Todd finally broke his silence, and stood up on the desk saying O captain my captain, defying his temporary replacement teacher’s orders. He does this in honor of Mr. Keating, and everything that he taught them. Soon enough all of the members of the Dead Poets Society, as well as a few other students that have no relevance, are standing on their desks saying the same phrase, O captain my captain. To the Virgins to Make Much of Time played a big role in the Dead Poets Society, by capturing the lighter side of carpe diem.This poem also captures what I believe carpe diem means to me: Live life to the fullest, and to live life while the blood is still warm. This poem embodies carpe diem, and everything that the Dead Poets Society stood for. Understanding how the film and the poem connect so deeply helps the viewer, or the reader, appreciate them both just that much more. Works Cited Herrick, Robert. â €Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time. † Trans. Array  The Poerty in Dead Poets Society. OxleyPrint. Weir, Peter, dir. Dead Poets Society. Writ. Tom Schulman. 1989. DVD. 10 Feb 2013.

Christianity vs Jainism Essay

I have selected Christianity and Jainism, two of the foremost world beliefs as the two beliefs I would like to compare. I chose these two beliefs because of my familiarity with Christianity and my concern in liking to discover more about Jainism. I begun my study by liking to understand about their likenesses but completed up discovering many more about their differences. I will start by giving a short abstract on each belief and then I will register and interpret three dissimilarities in their outlooks on perfection, convictions in Gods, and finally their convictions about non-violence. Lastly, I will announce the book reader how these dissimilarities sway the persons inside the religion. First, let’s take a gaze at Christianity. It is a monotheistic belief that begun almost 2000 years ago. In the publication, Living Religions, it states Christianity as a belief founded belief that aim its’ outlooks on the life and outlooks of Jesus Christ (Living 295). Christians should make every effort to be like Jesus. The concepts that Christians accept as factual about Jesus (his life and teaching) are founded on biblical text (Living 297). The Bible, which comprises the educating of Jesus through scriptures and text, has been mentioned to as the divinely motivated Word of God. Christians accept as factual that Jesus is the Son of God and that God conceived all things (Konig). Jainism, on the other hand, is a non-theistic religion. It is a non-Vedic belief that drawn from out of India. There is no creator or destroyer (Living 122). Jainism is one of India’s oldest and was one of its smallest renowned beliefs but is now evolving identified as a entire and fruitful route (Living 120). Christianity and Jainism disagree in their convictions about perfection. Christians accept as factual that no one except Christ is perfect. Christians accept as factual that there is no way to come to that flawless state. They accept as factual that as long as there are persons, there will habitually be sin. Judaism and Christianity evolved on the cornerstone complying God, on adherence to his directions and aims and their trustworthy fulfillment. Since the fulfillment of God’s will is a obligation of a Jewish or Christian individual, both beliefs drop into the rule-deontological category. In Judaism, God is glimpsed as having a contractual connection with the Jewish persons where they should comply his holy regulations in come back for their rank of the selected people. God pays or penalizes Jewish persons founded on if they comply or disobey his will. In components of the Old Testament, although, God does display clemency or forgiveness, and in subsequent interpretations God’s regulations such as the Ten Commandments are pursued not only out of commitment to God but furthermore because of their high lesson character. In Christianity, the focus is put on love of God other than on complying his will. People should accept as factual that God is merciful and loves them as well. As a reflection of God’s love, persons should furthermore love other persons (and the entire humanity in general) and pardon their enemies. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus endorses agape, or selfless love (in compare to eros, or possessive love), which comprises of dedication to another person’s good, even at the total cost of our own good and happiness. People should perform calm and nonviolence; come back healthy bad and love for pain (â€Å"turn the other cheek†). This directs to a exceptional beginning of fairness, called the â€Å"divine justice†, which is founded on giving a individual what he or she desires rather than warrants (e. g. , in case of a misdeed, redemption rather getting even). Even though anapestic love is absolutely a noble perfect, it is unstable equilibrium and an so straightforward casualty of the â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma,† in which the best alternate for a assembly of persons is not the best alternate for each individual in the group. In other phrases, firm adherence to anapestic perfect only works if every individual pursues it but falls short if there are self-centered persons who take benefit of the selfless people. Have you ever been exploring for a thing on the Internet and snapped on a guiltless staring overpass and been sent to a pornographic site? This eventuates more times than bulk separate population realize. Many times dead overpasses or wrong positions will self-acting lead you to a pornographic site. The way that pornography on the Internet is accessed wants to be modified, so it is not mistakenly opened. There is many of debate through if pornography ought be on the Internet or not. Personally I could care smaller diagram if it was on World Wide Web or not. I perform not view at any of it neither will I ever care to. There are numerous separate populations out there any people who perform decide to view at pornography. I sense that is someone choice. As prolonged as the someone is 18 or through they ought be competent to view at pornography on the computer show in public till their eyes pass over if they longing to. The simply real problem I look is how a customer can be so without obstacle misdirected to a pornography position and exploring to receive out of one of these sites later you have mistakenly been sent there can be annoying. I am definite we have all had this problem, you in one way or another receive sent to a porn position and all these tiny packing metal cans commence popping higher to play-act to other sites, to view at photos, and to pay for things. Trying to snap your way out can be crazy. Every time you lastly remove one packing reservoir another one pops up. If you test to exercise the behind button to receive out, you not able to because the site’s designer has it initiate so you are snared there. The way these sites are initiate wants to be changed. A customer ought not to be sent there if not they prepared in â€Å"pornography† in a explore motor or they prepared in a actual pornographic site’s address. Misdirection to these sites wants to be stopped. Many separate population dispute that pornography ought not to be on the Internet because younger young youngsters could receive into these sites and look item they perform not want seeing. In my view, younger young youngsters ought not even be on the Internet without develop someone supervision. There is many of knowledge on the Internet that younger young youngsters perform not want to be accessing in supplement to pornography. What I perform not understand is that you can play-act to a warehouse and pay for a pornographic journal or play-act to a cinema warehouse and hire a pornographic cinema and separate population are smaller diagram bothered by these ;than the very interchangeable thing on the Internet. I sense that just because there is pornographic material on the Internet that does not intend that you have to view at it. If it bothers you afterward just perform not play-act near these sites. Use the Internet for your have intents and sanction other separate population to exercise it for their reasons. As prolonged as the way pornographic sites are investigated on the Internet are modified in lead that separate population are not mistakenly sent to these sites ,I look no start why these sites not able to be on the Internet with all the other knowledge out there. I not able to ever play-act to these sites so if they are extracted it not able to act on at all since it does not act on me now. It is a someone determination that each someone has to generate for themselves and I consider every someone ought have the right to entry to no matter what material they are fascinated in.

September 11 Bombing

September 11 Bombing September 11 Bombing The September 11th booming was an attack set by a terror group named as the Al-Qaida against the United States of America. The Al-Qaida group is believed to have used nineteen men of the same associate who also accepted to sacrifice their lives just to see that their aim had come to success. This essay discuses the September 11 attack on the American twin towers of New York City. It will focus on the casualties, damages, and the aftermath. We will also talk about the attackers and their intension. There were very many casualties reported allover the Twin Tower. Some had broken hands, legs, and many injuries in different parts of the body. This included many damages for instance, Twins Towers were destroyed, Marriott world trade center. This also caused the closure of the world financial center. The police helped in getting bodies from the rubbles. Over 2700 people lost lives (Wanttoknow.info, (n.d)). Those who lost there relatives went through deep sorrow and pain. Aftermath This left a great impact in the world. Nations began enforcement against anti-terror groups. The incidence left at least three thousand children without or with only one parent. The situation also brought unity to many nations against al-Qaida (Kimball, 2005). People made promises that such things will not happen again. It also led to scientific methods of investigations like closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, among other modern technology and new modes of training of security personnel. There is no clear evidence of who was behind the attacks, but it is believed that it was the al-Qaida group. They did this because they wanted Americans to leave there territory of holy worship in Saudi Arabia. Nineteen people organized it Mohamed Atta from Egypt led it. The group began when the Soviet Union fought against Afghanistan. Osama-Bin-Laden is said to have chaired and was the head of the whole terror group. He has been rear since 1998 and it is not clear if he is dead or still living. It was full of havoc. No one should allow such acts to happen again. Wherever we are as human beings, we should be sensitive against terror activities. We should all condemn it. Encourage donors to help orphans and widows. Let us promote peace and unity, despite who our neighbors are.

Wishing Someone a Happy Birthday in German

Wishing Someone a Happy Birthday in German If youre going to speak the language, its important to learn how to wish someone a happy birthday in German. Before giving birthday greetings, though, you need to know about an important cultural point especially among older Germans: Wishing a German a happy birthday before his special day is considered bad luck, so dont do it. And as for gifts and cards you may want to send, make sure to mark on the package that the recipient should open it only on her birthday or afterward- but never before. There are also a number of ways to say happy birthday in German, but birthday wishes can vary widely whether they are spoken or written, or even depending on where the recipient resides in Germany. Spoken Birthday Expressions The following phrases first show how to say happy birthday in German, followed by the translation in English. Note that the translations are the English equivalents and not literal, word-for-word  translations. Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag!   Happy birthday!Alles Gute zum Geburtstag!   Have a good birthday!All das Beste zum Geburtstag!   All the best on your birthday!Viel Glà ¼ck zum Geburtstag!   Best of luck on your birthday!Ich gratuliere Ihnen zu Ihrem 40/50/60 etc.   Congratulations on your 40/50/60th etc. birthday.Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch nachtrglich.   Happy belated birthday. Written Birthday Expressions You can write all of the above-mentioned expressions in a card, but if you want something a little more ausfà ¼hrlicher (detailed), you may want to try some of these expressions. Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag und viel Glà ¼ck/Erfolg im neuen Lebensjahr!   Happy birthday and much happiness/success in the new year.Ich wà ¼nsche dir zu deinem Geburtstag alles Liebe und Gute- verbringe einen wunderschà ¶nen Tag im Kreise deiner Lieben.   I wish you all the best on your birthday. May you spend a wonderful day surrounded by those you love.Ich wà ¼nsche dir einen herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag und alles Liebe und Gute und ganz viel Gesundheit und Spaß. Lass dich schà ¶n feiern.   I wish you a happy birthday and all the best and much health and fun. Have a good time celebrating.Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch und alles Gute zum Geburtstag wà ¼nscht dir (your name).   I wish you happy birthday and all the best on this day.Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum (birthday number)sten und alles Gute. Happy Xth birthday and all the best. Happy Birthday From All Over Germany Not every city or town in Germany says happy birthday the same way. You may run into variations in dialect, depending on where you are in the country and where the birthday  Junge oder Mdchen, Mann oder Frau  (boy or girl, man or woman) lives. The city or region is listed on the left, followed by the German happy birthday greeting and then the English translation. Bayern (Bavaria): Ois Guade zu Deim Geburdstog!   Happy birthday!Berlin: Alles Jute ooch zum Jeburtstach!   All the best on your birthday!Friesland: Lokkiche jierdei!   Happy birthday!Hessen (Hesse): Isch gratelier Dir aach zum Geburtstach!   I congratulate you on your birthday.Kà ¶ln (Cologne): Alles Juute zum Jeburtstaach!   All the best  on  your birthday!Norddeutschland (Plattdeutsch - Low German): Ick wà ¼nsch Di alls Gode ton Geburtsdach!   I wish you all the best on your birthday.

Speed-the-Plow Plot Summary and Study Guide

Speed-the-Plow Plot Summary and Study Guide Speed-the-Plow is a play written by David Mamet. It is comprised of three lengthy scenes involving the corporate dreams and strategies of Hollywood executives. The original Broadway production of Speed-the-Plow opened on May 3rd, 1988. It starred Joe Mantegna as Bobby Gould, Ron Silver as Charlie Fox, and (making her Broadway debut) pop-icon Madonna as Karen. What does the title Speed-the-Plow mean? The title is derived from a phrase in a 15th-century work-song, God speed the plough. It was a prayer for prosperity and productivity. Plot Summary of Act One: Speed-the-Plow begins with the introduction of Bobby Gould, a recently promoted Hollywood executive. Charlie Fox is a business colleague (ranking below Gould) who brings in a movie script that is connected to a hit-making director. During the first scene, the two men gush about how successful they will become, all thanks to the script option. (The screenplay is a stereotypically violent prison/action movie.) Gould makes a call to his boss. The boss is out of town but will be back the next morning and Gould guarantees that the deal will be approved and that Fox and Gould will get a producer credit. While they discuss the mutual hardships of their early days together, they also mingle with Karen, a temporary receptionist. When Karen is out of the office, Fox wagers that Gould wont be able to seduce Karen. Gould takes the challenge, offended by the idea that Karen would be attracted to his position at the studio, but incapable of loving him as a person. After Fox leaves the office, Gould encourages Karen to become more goal-oriented. He gives her a book to read and asks her to stop by his house and provide a review. The book is titled The Bridge or, Radiation and the Half-Life of Society. Gould has only glanced at it, but he already knows that it is a pretentious attempt at intellectual art, unsuitable for a movie, especially a movie at his studio. Karen agrees to meet him later in the evening, and the scene ends with Gould convinced that he will win his bet with Fox. Plot Summary of Act Two: The second act of Speed-the-Plow takes place entirely in Goulds apartment. It opens with Karen passionately reading from the Radiation book. She claims that the book is profound and important; it has changed her life and taken away all fear. Gould tries to explain how the book would fail as a film. He explains that his job is not to create art but to create a marketable product. Karen continues to persuade, however, as her conversation becomes more personal. She states that Gould does not have to be afraid anymore; he does not have to lie about his intentions. In her scene-closing monolog, Karen says: KAREN: You asked me to read the book. I read the book. Do you know what it says? It says that you were put here to make stories people need to see. To make them less afraid. It says in spite of our transgressions - that we could do something. Which would bring us alive. So that we neednt feel ashamed. By the end of her monolog, it is apparent that Gould has fallen for her, and that she spends the night with him. Plot Summary of Act Three: The final act of Speed-the-Plow returns to Goulds office. Its the morning after. Fox enters and begins to scheme about their upcoming meeting with the boss. Gould calmly states that he will not be green-lighting the prison script. Instead, he plans to make the Radiation book. Fox does not take him seriously at first, but when he finally realizes that Gould is serious, Fox becomes furious. Fox argues that Gould has gone insane and that the source of his madness is Karen. It seems that during the previous evening (before, after or during love-making) Karen has convinced Gould that the book is a beautiful work of art that must be adapted into a film. Gould believes that green-lighting the Radiation book is the right thing to do. Fox becomes so angry that he punches Gould twice. He demands that Gould tells the story of the book in one sentence, but because the book is so complex (or so convoluted) Gould is unable to explain the story. Then, when Karen enters, he demands that she answers a question: FOX: My question: you answer me frankly, as I know you will: you came to his house with the preconception, you wanted him to greenlight the book. KAREN: Yes. FOX: If he had said no, would you have gone to bed with him? When Karen admits that she would not have had sex with Gould if he did not agree to produce the book, Gould is flung into despair. He feels lost, as though everyone wants a piece of him, everyone wants to leech off of his success. When Karen tries to persuade him by saying Bob, we have a meeting, Gould realizes that she has been manipulating him. Karen doesnt even care about the book; she just wanted a chance to quickly move up the Hollywood food chain. Gould exits to his washroom, leaving Fox to promptly fire her. In fact, he does more than fire her, he threatens: You ever come on the lot again, Im going to have you killed. As she exits, he throws the Radiation book after her. When Gould re-enters the scene, he is glum. Fox tries to cheer him up, talking about the future and the movie that they will soon be producing. The last lines of the play: FOX: Well, so we learn a lesson. But we arent here to pine, Bob, we arent here to mope. What are we here to do (pause) Bob? After everything is said and done. What are we put on earth to do? GOULD: Were here to make a movie. FOX: Whose name goes above the title? GOULD: Fox and Gould. FOX: Then how bad can life be? And so, Speed-the-Plow ends with Gould realizing that most, perhaps all, people will desire him for his power. Some, like Fox, will do it openly and blatantly. Others, like Karen, will try to deceive him. Foxs final line asks Gould to look on the bright side, but since their movie products seem shallow and overtly commercial, it seems that there is little satisfaction to Goulds successful career.

Drawbacks of Persuasive Technology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drawbacks of Persuasive Technology - Dissertation Example This leaves the buyer feeling misled and betrayed. Such promotion has a negative impact on the company’s image and the brand image (Fogg & Tseng, 1999). Â  Moreover, there have been great concerns over the ethical issues that are faced by persuasive technology (Berdichevsky & Neuenschwander, 1999). As the field of persuasive technology is relatively new the persuasive factors from the advertisements are masked. Users most of the time are unaware of the fact that they are being persuaded into acting or behaving in a certain manner. Sometimes users are even unaware of the persuasive medium that is being used. Companies on a number of occasions have used video games and simulations to target children (Fogg, 2002). Â  Other than that there is a general concept among the masses that computers are fair and intelligent machines. Taking advantage of this concept companies develop biased software that confirms the claims of a particular vendor or company (Fogg, 1998). Â  Other than that computer can be used by companies as a scapegoat when companies face a problem. For example, if a person is persuaded by a piece of software and during the persuasion, the consumer suffers some loss the company could easily blame the software as being faulty or could blame the consumer for making a mistake as the software cannot make a mistake (Fogg, 2002). Â  Persuasive technology has been one of the widest tools used by companies to market their products. However, a majority these companies ignore the issues that arise with the implementation of persuasive technology.

One full page response paper for each article__total up to 11 articles Assignment

One full page response paper for each article__total up to 11 articles - Assignment Example This speech is interesting an uplifting. There is, of course, a beautiful literary discussion occurring but, also, the interpretation that he may be instilling in others in formidable. Today we live in a world where reality television and the cyber lives we lead on social media are making us more critical of others, not more empathetic. We need to continue to feel for others and educate ourselves so that we can contribute to positive endeavors and productive changes when needed. The only way we can achieve that is to not allow ourselves to become deluded that we are the centers of our own little universe (Wallace 1-2). This is speech is well-written and conveys its messages beautifully. It was a pleasure to read. The American English language is an incredibly difficult language to learn especially if you are from somewhere far away and the land and its language are completely foreign to you. We hear people with accents or broken English everyday who sometimes mispronounce the words or convey the verbiage poorly. Some people would criticize their lack of skill and fluency, while others might give them credit for making the effort. Amy Tan’s article, â€Å"MotherTongue,† is a fascinating look from the perspective of a child raised by someone who speaks broken English with thick Asian overtones. She explains that while most people would find her mother’s use of the English language clumsy and simplistic, to her daughter it was perfectly beautiful and made perfect sense, because that is her mother and she understands her just fine (Tan76-80). There is also a wonderful and empowering aspect to this article. It is when she discusses throughout the world how Asians are pressured and stereotyped into doing mathematics and accounting, seldom the humanities, and never English studies However, she defied the stereotypes around her

Protection of data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protection of data - Essay Example There are number of organizers and facilitators in the form of computer software, hardware, mobile phones, smart phones, laptops, tablet-pcs, and other such gadgets that allow the user to write the contents, record it and then send it to the destined email account. This entire route of services needs to be protected and secured against any threat that could damage the content and pass malafide contents with an intention to damage network of other people (Voltage 2011) The management of emails and its accounts are done by the email server which has several components out of which two components that are always required consists of Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and Mail Delivery Agent (MDA). Both of these components perform different tasks. Emails are held by Mail Delivery Agent for delivery to users while emails are sent and received from other servers on Internet by Mail Transfer Agent (Swanson 2004) The Mail Transfer Agent uses Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) which picks mail from the email clients and sends to its destination server. The Mail Delivery Agent used two standard protocols; Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP). The main difference between the two protocols are that after downloading the email from POP Server, the mail client removes email messages from the server, living the responsibility for the user to store and preserve it on a local machine (Swanson 2004) Whereas messages are stored in mail server and the backup is also made by the server. Messages are not deleted after downloading from IMAP server. POP is an older protocol and its use is reducing compared with IMAP protocol. The complexity and confusion comes when these two different types of protocols interact on the internet (Swanson 2004) Another component used commonly for protecting external attacks is the firewall software. Crackers and hackers deceive and bypass firewall by tunneling through the protocols used for email accounts as the contents of email are not checked by any protocol or system (GFI Software 2011) Email systems are classified in six ways as given below for which they are exploited for the purposes of information theft, attacking networks of other people and harassing target systems (GFI Software 2011) 1. Attack by trojans and viruses 2. Leakage of information 3. Malicious or offensive content 4. Varying methods of email attacks 5. Vulnerabilities in different software 6. Insufficient protection by security tools 7. Junk emails or SPAM TASK TWO EXAMPLES OF EMAIL EXPLOITS Attacks by trojans and viruses: The use of email has become global and wide spread. The hackers use email to tunnel the trojans and viruses as no security or email protocols check its text. In January 2004, it was reported by CNN that email virus MyDoom cost them US$250 million in productivity lost and expenses for technical support. Similarly in the studies cited by NetworkWorld (September 2003), U.S. companies alone spent an amount of US$3.5 bill ion to fight against the email viruses such as Blaster, SoBig.F, Wechia and others(GFI Software 2011) Trojans are sent by email and as soon as the email is opened it installs specific code which gains the control of servers and confidential information. Security experts in the computer technology call such trojans as â€Å"spy viruses† or â€Å"instructive viruses†; tools for industrial espionage. In October 2000,

Church-State Relations in Western Societies Essay

Church-State Relations in Western Societies - Essay Example Hence, such influence may impact on the development of Muslim communities and practices. Post 9/11, however, such influence has metamorphosed to interference even in religious and social organizations and institutions so much so that the Muslim communities in these states feel discriminated not only due to the differences in treatment as against the majority community but also as against treatment meted out to other minority groups such as the Sikhs and the Jews. Anti-terror legislations give law enforcement agencies sweeping powers to inspect individuals, organizations and institutions making members of the Muslim community feel insecure and marginalized. Coupled with other interference in cultural practices such as the wearing of hijab by Muslim school girls, the heat of the state's interferences in their exclusive domain has alienated the community to an extent where it has become difficult to gauge the feelings and intentions of a patriot from a paranoid (Jocelyne Cesari, p65). In a climate dominated by fears of international Islamic terrorism, an oscillation in French public policy between including the diversity of Muslims and favoring specific tendencies has shaped the state organization of Islam (Jocelyne Cesari, p73). Also, different countries in Europe have different opinion and attitudes on Islam. ... Also, different countries in Europe have different opinion and attitudes on Islam. Germany, Britain, and Spain recognize Islam. But some countries like France do not recognize Islam and do not have any Islamic institutions like school in their country. On the whole, the attitude is one of disapproval and discouragement where Islam is concerned. One study conducted by Cornell University in 2004 revealed that 44 percent of Americans surveyed were not opposed to the restriction of certain basic civil liberties in the case of Muslims (Jocelyne Cesari, ch3). Muslim communities, in particular, are currently subject to unprecedented levels of intervention and regulation by the British State. There has been deepening of the 'moral panic' about those allegedly 'in' but not 'of' the West. (Jocelyne Cesari, ch4). Muslim Bureaucratic and parochial leaders Muslim community leaders have invariably been lay leaders and not, strictly speaking, qualified or qualified religious leaders. Their authority is largely drawn from a cultural capital that overlaps with traditional leadership. They may or may not be literate and their nomination in the bureaucracy and religious hierarchy may depend on their popularity ((Jocelyne Cesari, p62). Mismatch in the leadership does not augur well for any community for developmental purpose. Also, unqualified parochial leadership often tends to generate more heat than light. In such environment, it is difficult to objectively work towards progressive goals. The governments in western nations ask for capable and coherent leadership. In western states, the church has played pivotal roles because of qualified religious leaders and capable corporate leaders. In the United

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

American History - Assignment Example Although improvements came into being, efforts were not enough to overhaul America’s take towards slavery which was the obvious reason behind the civil war. On the other hand, if we travel back in time to that year, the US may not be in its best shape to hold such election. Considering the economic aspect of the country and the budget to be allocated for the elections, it may not be the best time to spend so much for something in the midst of depression. Nonetheless, the elections went on and former president Lincoln was re-elected, the strategies, plans and progress were maintained that led us to what we are today. It reassured and secured the American citizens the vision of the incumbent administration back then, which we reap today. The issues the country has been facing for centuries are present today. But major improvements have come into surface. Such issues are not resolved overnight, or even by changing administration.

Assignment in medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment in medicine - Essay Example The article is under social & administrative pharmacy. The research topic is â€Å"A Pharmacy-Based Coaching Program to Improve Adherence to Antidepressant Treatment among Primary Care Patients.† this article is under the â€Å"social & administrative pharmacy† pharmacy discipline because of the coaching program and its inclusion of antidepressant care to primary care patients exclusively. A social aspect arises from the study being published in the journal â€Å"Psychiatric Services† (Brook, Hout, Stalman, Nieuwenhuyse, Bakker, Heerdink, and Haan 487). This publisher means the study focused less on the effectiveness or lack thereof of drugs, and more on the coaching program. The study is important because training patients to identify their drugs and telling depressed patients what to expect can enhance their adherence to antidepressant medication. The article’s objective is to enhance adherence to nontricyclic antidepressant regimens amongst depressed patients via a pharmacist involvement. Yes, the researchers used a statement of hypothesis, which was that â€Å"positive expectations and a belief in the benefits and efficacy of treatment [are] essential to adherence† (Brook, Hout, Stalman, Nieuwenhuyse, Bakker, Heerdink, and Haan 488). Independent variables involved in this study are patients with and without depression, pharmacists, an ethical committee, symptoms, and coaches. Dependent variables were the community clinic, pharmacy, randomized regimens, themes, computerized prescriptions, and protocol analyses. The population of the study was a sum of 147 primary care patients diagnosed with depression. The sample included a new prescription of antidepressant medicine for each of these patients, coaching pharmacists, and different prescribing pharmacists. The sampling procedure entailed prescribing new antidepressant medication to each of the patients and measuring their adherence by use of an electronic tablet

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

American History - Assignment Example Although improvements came into being, efforts were not enough to overhaul America’s take towards slavery which was the obvious reason behind the civil war. On the other hand, if we travel back in time to that year, the US may not be in its best shape to hold such election. Considering the economic aspect of the country and the budget to be allocated for the elections, it may not be the best time to spend so much for something in the midst of depression. Nonetheless, the elections went on and former president Lincoln was re-elected, the strategies, plans and progress were maintained that led us to what we are today. It reassured and secured the American citizens the vision of the incumbent administration back then, which we reap today. The issues the country has been facing for centuries are present today. But major improvements have come into surface. Such issues are not resolved overnight, or even by changing administration.

Business and International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and International Law - Essay Example One of them is that a flag state must have an established maritime organization capable of enforcing all international and national regulations and secondly is that a flag state must be a member of International Maritime Organization (IMO) that adopt the IMO's maritime safety Resolutions and Conventions. Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. This paper discusses my duty as the VP for Risk Management of Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. It will discuss how I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activi ties Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. Mr. This paper discusses my duty as the VP for Risk Management of Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. It will discuss how I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activities Business and International Law Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. Mr. Lowell struggled with the robbers until he collapsed and suffered a fatal heart attack in the process. Mrs. Lowell was later locked inside the cabin restroom as the robbers escaped. The ship docked in Grand Cayman a few hours later and the robbers escaped with the cash and the jewellery stolen from Lowell's'. Mrs. Lowell was rescued after the ship left Grand Cayman and she identified the two employees who robbed them in a photo line up. My duty as the VP for Risk Management I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activities Despite the fact that the DWI cruise had a "flag of convenience", it had to comply with SOLAS standards and other international conventions monitored by the port states and the flag. For this case, DWI should be aware that the flag state has a key responsibility of ensuring that the cruise has all the requirements and guidelines established internationally. An annual ship examination is required whereby the cruise is thoroughly inspected to ensure that its safety systems are operational. 1 The DWI ought to be aware that since its cruise had a "flag of convenient", they are governed by a regulatory agency of maritime experts that ensures that the shipping firm is compliant with the laws of commercial vessels that are registered in that country in areas of practices and operational procedures. (International Council of Cruise Line, 2006) DWI also ought to be aware that the interest of a small cruise like Minnow with a passenger capacity of 16 is represented by an International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL) that serves as a consultative non governmental organization to the International Maritime Organization. Its aim as a trade association is to ensure there is development of regulatory and policy

Marks And Spencer: Growth and Global Strategy

Marks And Spencer: Growth and Global Strategy Marks and Spencer, originally known as Penny Bazaars, was founded by Michael Marks in 1884 as a clothing sales company in Northern England. Thomas Spencer joined Michael Marks ten years after its startup, becoming co-owner of the company. The company has continued to work under the name of Marks Spencer (MS) since 1894. It became a phenomenon, first in its country of origin, the UK, and later internationally. American chain stores influenced MS to start selling both food and clothes in the 1920s. The company saw itself grow from 1894 to 1939, by opening a staggering 234 stores. MS worked in close cooperation with its suppliers and made strategies for the use of new technologies which in turn led to the highest quality in its products. The company had future foresight thus adding internationalization and product diversification to its strategy in the late 80s. Over the years it took over its competitors, as a major retailer selling diverse product ranges under their own exclusive bra nd in more than 30 countries. Marks and Spencer can be proud of leading the race over all its major competitors in the key areas of quantity, quality, and trust, breadth of range and customer service. MS decided to close one of its stores in Edmonton, along with 14 other stores in Canada, with the 8 remaining stores being closed in a short span of one month. This brought an end to Marks and Spencers 26-year run in Canada. Marks and Spencer were never successful in Canada, said Fin, director of Canadian Institute of Retailing and Services Studies at the University of Alberta. Mounting losses and a retail economy that was fierce and competitive had forced them out of the Canadian market. (Le Riche 1999). The expansion into new retail territory is part of MSs pledge to create a viable business in the Peoples Republic within the next five years. MS has endured a difficult introduction to the retail scene in China from the prosaic and workaday supply chain problems and sizing and pricing issues, to the sacking of the China boss and a death in-store shortly after opening. MS with the help of market research and focus groups are making improvements. At present they have their own buying team in China and their sizing is much better. (Thorniley 2010) In comparison, their entry strategies into Indian Market were a different predicament that MS had to face. Most Indian shoppers were of the idea that MS did not offer the same products as they did internationally. (Jack 2011). MS undermined the Indian market due to its vastness and complexities thus their strategies were deformed leading to problems such as products being over priced which lacked the affordability factor. From 2000 till 2007, MS allowed its former franchisee in India, Planet Retail, to treat it as an up-market rather than a mid-market brand, pricing MS goods even higher than in the UK, and it failed to adapt what it offered to local tastes. In 2008, frustrated that Planet Retail had opened just 10 stores in the seven years since it signed up with MS, the UK-based supermarket chain ended the relationship and in the same year re-launched in a joint venture with Reliance Industries. During its substantial growth, one can note changes in the methods of operation undertaken by Marks Spencer. They were confident they knew what was right for their customers and would be able to satisfy their needs in the long run and this level of belief would help them succeed. This is why they refused to bring changes to the things they did. On examining the expansion of Marks Spencer, one can conclude that the primary reason for their failure to succeed was that they tried to force their tried-and-tested strategy on a market that had their own unique culture and refused to change. As a result, Marks Spencer was forced to bring their expansion plans to a standstill and eventually pulled out. MS always had a much conformed formula which included identical layout, store design, training and so on. They also insisted on using only British suppliers. It was not a very wise decision in 1998 as at the time, plans were made to conquer the European and American markets which had totally different cultures to the British. They believed that customers thought that they received higher quality from British suppliers. From past experience, they implemented their tried and tested formula in various overseas markets. This strategy backfired bringing in a drastic fall in the share price and profits. However, the CEO at the time, Sir Richard Greenbury, insisted that the profit loss was due to the competitive environment. There were many reports that MS no longer understood the customers needs and had misread its target market. Looking into various factors as to why internationalization failed in regard to MS, there are various inter-connecting reasons. Analysts suggest that Greenbury gave focus only to the day-to-day operations of the organization rather than give priority to their long-term strategic plans which needed to be altered. Elements that contributed to the success of Marks and Spencer in UK did not apply to the global market. The long-sustained buy-British policy, the distinctiveness of the retail operation, the priority on a British brand alone and the lack of clear retail positioning and design, all presented problems in the global situation. Another reason behind it was the inexperience of  decentralized control of businesses. When the crisis became inevitable, the reaction was to quickly to distance themselves from this global operation. As Lassarre (2007) commented on Global Strategy, a company needs to possess Global ambitions, Global position, Global business system and Global organization structure processes along with the coordination of human resource management to have a competitive advantage. MS needs to improve on its management and global supply chain. For an organization to survive, change management is critically important in their respective market. It is essential for an organization to understand that every market is in a state of imbalance. Marks and Spencer lacked itself in analyzing their market, finding out what the current trends were, what their customers wanted, and this is one reason why they struggle to keep their customers. The company failed to change with the changing times of their market though being dominant for many years. Finally they found themselves struggling to keep their customers satisfied or even keep their customers. Looking closely at the MS business model, Mellahi (2005) stresses that marketing strategy and its supply chain are some of the reasons for the deterioration of this companys sales and its profits. The buying team behind MS had no contact with customers. MS defines its new creations completely blindly from its customers or its potential customers expectations and demands. Another reason behind the financial decline of MS was the inaccurate supply chain strategy. MS was capable of a well-defined warehouse, sufficient suppliers, structured store network and also had a cost-efficient supply chain. Although a boon, such a supply chain lacks in flexibility. In this scenario MS found it difficult to restructure its  production planning during the one-year product development phase. If a new trend occurred during the one-year development period, it was too late to change all its orders because its suppliers already ordered all the raw materials. Another weakness in the MS supply chain was that it was completely decentralized. MS lacked in one aspect namely being a self-supplier for any products sold in its store. Although St.Micheal was its own brand, it was produced by suppliers. Since all its suppliers were external, it had no flexibility to change any order or to manage the purchase of raw materials or the purchase of semi-finished products. After a century of being leaders in the textile industry, MS should rectify its economic situation and its market image in order to regain its place in the competition among its adversaries. If MS changed its supply chain by using a responsive supply chain instead of the cost-efficient one, like Zara, it would have more flexibility to follow the trend changes and adapt its product to market demand. This will prevent MS from losing its customers because of inaccurate forecasts and building up inaccurate inventory. MS could also adapt its marketing strategy to the growing trends in the textile market. MS should maintain a direct contact with customers thus directing their creations based on the desires of prospective customers. Using this method, it can attract new customers without the fear of losing its loyal customers. This method can also enable MS to have adequate inventory to respond the market demand and to avoid build up of the unneeded inventory. The company needs more changes in order to avoid further  financial problems.(Rankine 1998).To prevent troubles in the future, MS should work and coordinate closely with its suppliers to implement a flexible  production system within their plants. This will allow suppliers to respond to any order changes on time with demanded products. MS obtains most of its products from suppliers implemented in the UK which are relatively expensive than those in European or Asian countries. MS should adopt a new global sourcing strategy where purchasing products from cheaper sources can reduce supplies cost thereby increasing profit margin. Philosophy of Education: Reflection Paper Philosophy of Education: Reflection Paper ABSTRACT My philosophy of education stems from the years of seeing my mother in-law attend classes in order to attain a more lucrative position in her field of business. The visions of her sitting at the table with a pencil in one hand, a highlighter in the other and her Bible perusing several books, newspaper articles, and her personal notes, gave me the insight to strive for a better life. My mother in-law was and still is a firm believer the she can achieve anything with Christ and that her degree was attainable. Seeing my mother in-law so engaged helped me realize the importance of education, becoming a lifelong learner and the possibilities that could be discovered by being a continuous and active learner. Getting a good education was a constant phrase reiterated daily in my household with my children. I understood that education was the common denominator for success and the foundation in which all other professions are based. My goal is to impart into children to be productive citizens , lifelong learners and have a love for God and learning. Keywords: learning, education, children, success Introduction Working in the public educational setting as a Parent Liaison has afforded me the opportunity to gain a greater appreciation for education and its importance. In my past experiences, I have noticed the number of students entering school being unable to read, recall, infer or comprehend. These situations with students caused my heart to ache for their learning. I have witnessed beginning kindergartners with no phonemic awareness, very little sight word recognition, and little to no awareness of school and its importance. My daily mission is to instill the value of education in my students and its direct alignment to both their salvation and success in their life. Regularly, I question students regarding their future goals, dreams, and how education will play an intricate part in their success and achieving those goals. Education is the core element in which all other professions are based and rooted. Every profession involves the human connection of educating and pouring into the spir it. I believe that all students can learn and that learning is a lifelong process that can be achieved with students, parents, and the community. Worldview Philosophy of Life Having received grace to be able to walk through this universe for over 50 years, I have come to realize the result of your daily life is the efforts that put forth into the universe. Understanding that people are complicated and hold various experiences is the key to maturity and adult growth. Recognizing this can be a difficult task if the individual is not conscientious in the moment. We are human beings and continuously deal in the flesh. Our emotions can sometimes overtake our conscientiousness which causes the head to lead as opposed to the heart. This view is shared daily with my students as I try to promote the value of education. School life is my life, and my daily mission is not a job but a calling. It is an opportunity to have a positive impact on students and their futures. Pouring quality information into my students in most cases is the only positive affirmation some of them may receive. My ability to breathe positivity into my students spirit may be the only spark that ignites the spirit and assist the students in moving forward within this world. Life challenges my daily practice as a Parent Liaison (educator). However, I am solid in my belief of knowing that education and true quality of education is the foundation and path to any successful career. The connection between school and active learning is synonymous with success and prosperity. Active learning is essential for a full and productive life. With education, one must be intentional, attentive and conscientious of and recognize the value of the presented opportunities. This active involvement makes the work meaningful and creates success. According to Froebels educational philosophy in order for this to take place the student must be in a happy, harmonious environment in which he or she can grow and the whole person can be built (Gutek, 1995). Christians are human beings, and the flesh is part of that existence. The challenges of a Christians daily walk are directly aligned with some of the issues facing our educational system. Christians and teachers (who are Christians) are passionate regarding showing others the purpose of life and being grounded in their personal beliefs, owning that belief, and sharing that belief. In some cases, both teachers and Christians are held in high regard. Their actions must correlate with internal beliefs and be an example for their students and others. Romans 12:2 (ESV) Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect. Philosophy of Schools Learning Being in public education for over twenty years, I have come to realize that building positive relationships is the connection between school and learning. Students come to school with various experiences and unclaimed baggage. As educators, it is important that we recognize and attend and teach the whole child while leaving no stone unturned. Todays educational system and its students does not allow for antiquated and traditional settings and behaviors. The structural settings no longer require students to stay seated in straight rows while the teacher lectures. Because todays students are different, the learning must be different and presented in a manner at the students present level of understanding. Teachers must utilize various pedagogical methods to meet the varying needs of the learners. The learners must be able to actively engage in the process of learning, which includes but not limited to developing critical thinking skills through open dialogue and peer interaction. In addition, teachers should ask thought provoking, deep, probing questions, which extends the learners thinking. Because the learner has various learning styles, it is imperative the teacher is equipped with a multitude of instructional practices in order to differentiate the instruction to meet students at their present level of understanding. Active engagement and the promotion of meaningful technology usage assists in bridging the deficit gap and critical understanding. Teachers must educate themselves to become familiar with todays students and their learning styles. Understanding learning styles assists the teacher with the improvement of instructional delivery and overall classroom management. Regarding improved instructional practices, teachers can assist the various learners by creating learning centers that involves active engagement in order to successfully complete an assigned task. Positive peer interaction can motivate each student to do their best. Pestalozzi and Froebels educational philosophies closely relates to what I believe about education students. Johann Pestalozzi believed that every individual could learn and individuals should have a right to an education. He believed that as a society we had a duty to put these things into practice (Bowers and Gehring, 2004). Froebels kindergarten method is not just for kindergarten students, but can be conducive for all students. Educational Practice A Christians beliefs are directly aligned with their daily practices. Both Christians and teachers  travel a path of selflessness while pouring and teaching valuable, eternal lessons. As an educator  we are always looking for ways to be innovative, but we must remember our students. My  educational practice would be more in line with progressivism and social reconstuctionism,  viewing the learner as the central focus. When working with students I will serve as a guide and  facilitator assisting the student in reaching their learning goals. Students will be introduced to  learning centers and work in with partners. Students will take ownership of their work and their  classroom. My goal is assist to students to prepare for the future and to be independent-thinkers.   When presenting new material to our students, make sure that we clarify the purpose and the  learning goals to our students show them models and examples. According to Graham (2009), we  are to apply biblical truth to all of education, and not just parts of it. Our goal is for the student to  be successful. As colleagues we discuss if something is working or not, so why not take the time  with our students to hold classroom discussions about their learning. In this way educators will  be able to observe how the student is grasping the material and if something needs to change. It  is important that students receive feedback from assignments and to give the teacher feedback  about the learning process. Metacognitive strategies will be implemented to so that students are  given the opportunities to plan, monitor their learning, and self-reflect along the learning process.   Teacher-Learner Relationships   Being a teacher is a true calling that only special people can and should answer. The old adage regarding those who can do and those who cannot teach is meaningless and degrading to all who are in the educational profession. Being a teacher is not just standing in front of a class lecturing and students utilizing pencil and paper to record the transferred information. Being a teacher is about the human experience and making a spiritual connection with those whom you are in contact. According to Graham (2009), we are to apply biblical truth to all of the educational process, not just part of it. The role of a both learner and teacher are important for the others existence. The learner is one who challenges the teacher to critically think and ask probing questions in order to extend their mental capacity. In addition, the learner actively engages in the lesson/conversation and acquires relevant information that is prudent to their success. Ultimately, the learner has to be intrinsically motivated to gain knowledge. The role of a quality teacher is able to reach deep within their learners and appeal to their hearts. By doing this, the teacher can make a connection with the learners and guide them appropriately while communicating the importance of an education and allowing them to see and understand to true benefits of their educational journey. Once the connection between learner and teacher have been established, the teacher can speak words of encouragement, life, and longevity into the learner and giving them a great appreciation for education and its value. One cannot exist without each other. Success can only be experienced if the two (learner and teacher) are united. In the public school setting, building teacher/learner relationship is essential. Witnessing various classrooms, I have noticed that teachers who positively interact with their students experience success on a greater level compared to those teachers who do not buy into their students. Mutual respects are the foundation to a successful teacher-student relationship it is the teacher who sets the tone for and models respectful behavior. Once the relationship is established, the ability to pour into our learners is durable. Titus 2:7-8 (ESV), show yourself in all respects to be a model of good works, and in your teaching show integrity, and sound speech that cannot be condemned, so that an opponent may be put to shame, having nothing evil to say about us. Diversity It is very important for teachers to know their learners and how they learn. As stated earlier, life experiences varies and that must be taken into account when educating our youth. Understanding your learners and appreciating their differences is crucial to both their success and the success of the teacher. Being willing to explore those differences give the teacher a concrete understanding of instructional practices that would be benefit their learner. Teachers should be able to utilize various instructional practices to reach their learners and allow them to be successful. It is extremely important to meet the learner at their present level of understanding and grow their knowledge base. The learners life experiences has an impact on their instructional understanding whether positive or negative. As it relates to diversity, Ruby Payne (2001) noted that students experiences and their ability to attain resources plays an intricate part of the learners success. Payne noted that emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical resources are vital learners of diverse background. Colossians 3:11 (ESV), Here there is not Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised,  barbarian, Scythian, slave, free; but Christ is all, and in all. As educators with diverse learners, we should remember it is not about us, but Christ in us and in our students. Conclusion As stated earlier, education is the root in which all other professions grow. Educating students about the world and the beauty of Gods glory is the most rewarding mission that can ever be experienced. Conflict occurs when teachers are not kept abreast with the change of society. Just as some ministers must utilize unorthodox methods to capture the attention of our youth in order to move them into the church to learn of Gods love, the teacher, in the classroom setting, must research and stay abreast of the various needs of students and their learning styles in order to meet their academic, social and emotional needs. References Bowers, F., Gehring, T. (2004). Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: 18th Century Swiss Educator and Correctional Reformer. Journal of Correctional Education, 55(4), 306-319. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23292096 Graham, D. L. (2009).  Teaching redemptively: Bringing grace and truth into your classroom (2nd ed.). Colorado Springs, CO: Purposeful Design Publications. ISBN: 9781583310588. Gutek, G.L. (1995). A history of Western educational experience (2nd ed.) Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. ISBN: 9780881338188. Johnson, L. (2011). Teaching outside the box: how to grab students by their brains. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, a Wiley Brand. Payne, R.K. (2001). A framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, TX: Aha! Process, Inc. Russell, K.A., Aldridge, J. (2009). Play, unity and symbols: Parallels in the works of Froebel and Jung. International Journal of Psychology and Counseling, 1 (1), 001-004.

Ecstasy: Neurotoxicity and How It Can Be Reduced :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Ecstasy: Neurotoxicity and How It Can Be Reduced Ecstasy (MDMA) has become a drug of choice among 18-25 year olds (2), and its effects on behavior and neurotoxicity merit the attention of this class. Ecstasy use has become fairly widespread on college campuses and in rave and nightclub settings. This paper will look at the mechanism through which MDMA acts, its neurotoxicity, and how users can reduce risk involved with ecstasy use. Ecstasy alters behavior by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. It accomplishes this by altering the neurotransmitter serotonin's reuptake process. (6) In the normal serotonin system, a serotonin neuron will receive a signal from a neighboring nerve cell to release vesicles of serotonin into the synaptic cleft. The post-synaptic cell (which has the appropriate receptors for serotonin) then picks up the molecule. When the serotonin binds to the receptor, it causes an electric signal to change the membrane permeability which causes changes in the body. When a vesicle of serotonin is released, most of the molecules are pulled back into the pre-synaptic cell. This process of drawing serotonin back into the original neuron for it to be reused is called reuptake. When MDMA is present in the system, however, it interferes with the natural process by preventing the serotonin from entering at the reuptake site. This causes an excess of serotonin in the system, which creates the feelings of euphoria associated with MDMA. (1) Users of MDMA are quick to praise the psychological effects of the drug, but the effects on their physical health can be detrimental. Studies show that heavy, prolonged use of MDMA can significantly reduce the number of serotonin transporters which are necessary to bring the neurotransmitter back to the neuron from which it was released. Studies supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) showed that MDMA damages neurons that release serotonin, and that heavy MDMA users have lingering memory problems for at least two weeks after stopping the drug. In the first study, researchers used positron emission tomography (PET) to compare the brains of MDMA users who had abstained from all psychoactive drugs for three weeks and people who had never used MDMA. They found that the amount of MDMA used was directly linked to the number of serotonin transporters remaining. They also found that the degree of memory impairment is based on the amount of MDMA used. (3)

The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy

The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy Planning Movement In urban planning's new political awareness, representation became a social responsibility issue. This new understanding of politics and social responsibility in urban planning may have brought boundary interaction between planners and other professions, such as social work†¦ Introduction In his 1995 article, Andrew Abbott explores his evolving conception of the social work profession. As we approach the new millennium, Abbott's conception becomes strikingly relevant. In brief review, Abbott's first notion posits that social work is a profession of interstitiality. In this context, social workers translate and mediate between collogues in highly technical professions and their own social work clients. Abbott refers to this relationship as a "social work of boundaries" (Abbott, 1995). As the boundaries between other professions change, the social work interstitiality changes as well - coined by Abbott "the boundaries of social work." Abbott writes; "the function of social work, like those of other professions, emerged from a continuous conflict and change" (Abbott, 1995, p. 552). As examples, Abbott related aspects of conflicts in which social work gained or lost "sub-fields" to neighboring professions. Abbott's third conception admits that both of his previous notions fail to address the origin of the modern social work profession. In his subsequent exploration of social work origins, Abbott suggests that other professions solidified before social work did, creating the boundaries from which social work emerged (Abbott, 1995). Abbott's three conceptions share the theme that social work does not stand alone as a professi... ...e and the Urban Crisis. New York: Pantheon Books. Piven, F. F. & Cloward, R. A. (1971). Regulating the Poor: Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Pantheon Books. Piven, F. F., Cloward, R. A. (1988). Why Americans Don't Vote. New York: Pantheon Books. Planners Network. (1999). What is planners network? Planners Network Online. http://www.plannersnetwork.org/. Planning 58 (3). (March 1992). APA News, 36-38. Reiner, J. S., Reimer, E., & Reiner, T. A. (1963). Client analysis and the planning of public programs. Journal of the American Institute of Planning 29 (4), 270-282. Wachs, M., ed. (1985). Ethics in Planning. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy. Webber, M. M. (1973). Comprehensive planning and social responsibility: Toward an AIP consensus on the profession's roles and purposes. Journal of the American Institute of Planning, 232-241.

Unit 4 Equality and Diversity

NCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 4: Living in diverse communities Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your teacher via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name: 1. Describe a range of appropriate investigative methods that can be used to explore diversity in a community. Range of age. Sex male to female ratio. Different religion/faiths, marital status marriage & divorce statistics. Ethnicity i. e. which ethnic group is most prominent & Education etc. This information for example can be sourced by accessing census information, the internet & also through observational data 2. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the extent of diversity that exists within your community. You should illustrate your work with some actual data such as statistics or desktop research. Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on religion |All People |Count |Persons |17497 | |Christian |Count |Persons |3892 | |Buddhist |Count |Persons |8 | |Hindu |Count |Persons |158 | |Jewish |Count |Persons |7 | |Muslim Count |Persons |10310 | |Sikh |Count |Persons |744 | |Any other religion |Count |Persons |18 | |No religion |Count |Persons |896 | |Religion not stated |Count |Persons |1464 | Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on Marital status All People |Count |Persons |17497 | |Single (never married) |Count |Persons |9213 | |Married (first marriage) |Count |Persons |5982 | |Re-married |Count |Persons |404 | |Separated (but still legally married) |Count |Persons |461 | |Divorced |Count |Persons |628 | |Widowed |Count |Persons |809 | 3. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the range of services and agencies that exist within your local community to support diversity. Bradford Refugee Forum – This is run by the Northern Refugee Centre in Sheffield. The City of Bradford itself has a population estimated at just over half a million, 22% of which is BME. This makes Bradford one of England’s melting pots with a significant BME presence. Beginning 1960’s, the importation of migrant labour largely from South Asia to work in the city’s growing textile industry resulted in a big concentration of the Pakistan community. The city was rocked by race riots in 1995 and 2001. It also experienced increasing inflows of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants from all over the globe especially from Afghanistan, Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia and other EU states. It is against this background that BRF was formed with a broad remit to provide a strong voice for the refugee and asylum community and to achieve this by ensuring active representation of these communities at various strategic forums in political, economic and socio-cultural organizations. Closely allied to this commitment, was the need for empowering these communities through effective learning and development and the delivery of wanted information to the right people, at the right time and place. Through this strategy, barriers to essential services would be unlocked and the potential for social integration enhanced. Additionally, it was hoped that building capacity in the asylum and refugee community, would increase opportunities for individuals to grow their skills, knowledge and competencies as well as their income earning potential. Olive Branch Trust – Olive Branch Trust was established in 1983 to invest in the local community of South Bradford, West Yorkshire. Over the years the Trust has grown considerably and now focuses on 2 main areas of work, namely the Family and the Youth. The Trust employs many people and these are helped by numerous skilled and dedicated volunteers In 2001 the Trust also became a Limited Company, and then in 2008/9 Community Interest Companies were formed to better deliver the services to our clients. There are now 2 companies namely E:merge CIC (Youth /Education Services) and BD4 CIC (services to the Family). Whereas the initial focus was our city of Bradford they now provide services to those further afield. Drug & Alcohol Counselling – Within Bradford there are several organisations offering help with drug and alcohol problems, organisations like the Council and the Health Authority and specialist voluntary organisations. They can give help from practical advice and information to counselling and prescribing. Support and advice can also be given to families of people with alcohol and drug problems. All the organisations work closely together and use each other's special skills. If you contact one organisation and its workers feel another organisation could help you more, they will discuss this with you. But you are welcome to contact any of the organisations. 4. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, provide a wide range of examples (at least 20) of physical signs that show there is diversity within your community. Include examples relating to: †¢ Religion †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Age †¢ Disability †¢ Gender 1-Shop signage in dual language 2-Different places of worship 3-Large amount of mobility aid shops 4-More asian dress shops 5-Halal butchers 6-Charity shops for overseas aid 7-Few English speaking schools -Large amount of interpreter agencies 9-Few English speaking shop workers 10-Increased amount of asian food warehouses 11-Very few white/british families in area 12-More male shop/factory workers than female 13-More small family run businesses opening 14-More asian familes moving into empty houses 15-More single males in area 16-Lack of Christmas celebration in area 17-Restaurant more suited to asian community 18-Solicitors specialising in immigration needs 19-Shop opening times to fit in with community prayers 20-Very few churches but increased number of mosques 5. Describe the types of inequality that could exist within a community. Report on your findings. As displayed in the tables in Q1 it shows that the Muslim community has more followers in the BD4 area than all other religions put together, it also shows that over half of the locality are single persons. 6. Describe the threats that exist to equality and diversity within the community, using examples of intolerance and extremism. The Bradford Council for Mosques agreed that Muslims had a negative image in British society. A spokesman said: â€Å"The entire British Muslim community gets blamed for the misguided actions of a few. The gross misconceptions about Islam make British Muslims an easy target for blame. Bradford West MP Marsha Singh said: â€Å"There is growing Islamaphobia and it has grown since 7/7 but what we need to do is make sure people keep it in perspective. (Telegraph & Argus – January 2011) As Pakistan comes out of three days of official mourning following the assassination of Salman Taseer, governor of the Punjab province and a senior member of the Pakistan People’s Party, people in Bradford are angry and anxious. Senior public figures among Muslims in Bradford are concerned that Pakistan may be in the grip of religious intolerance that may be a threat to their own friends and family. Ishtiaq Ahmed, spokesman for Bradford Council for Mosques, was in Pakistan a fortnight ago with his wife. He says: â€Å"People there have no trust in the authorities with regard to law or justice. If something goes wrong, they don’t call the police. When you have that level of distrust, people take the law into their own hands. (Telegraph & Argus – January 2011) 7. Research the range of support services and networks that exist within the local community to support diversity and explain the specific roles they carry out and the users they support. This task should be completed for each of the following: a) Public sector organisations Bradford Royal Infirmary – NHS hospital for use of any persons needing treatment. Bowling hall medical practice – offers a full range of medical services to the communities of South Bradford. Our two male and four female doctors have extensive experience within the NHS, and hold various surgeries throughout the day. HolmeWood library – Library for community residents. b) Charitable and voluntary organisations Willow Foundation – the only national charity that provides psychological and emotional support for seriously ill 16 to 40 year olds through the provision of special day experiences. St Vincent de Paul Society – SVP Community Shops provide another point of access to SVP services for those most in need. The SVP operates 29 community shops across England and Wales. The shops are situated in areas of deprivation and serve local communities, providing low cost goods and household items to disadvantaged individuals and families, offering a listening ear, and where appropriate, arranging for local SVP members to visit those most in need. c) Self-help groups Alzheimers society – Available to anyone for dementia information Action for the blind – Action for Blind People is a national charity providing free and confidential support for blind and partially sighted people in all aspects of their lives. One call to Action means help with anything from finding a job, applying for benefits, housing issues to information on local services. UK Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Forum – The UK's only specific forum for patients, families, friends and carers of those diagnosed with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Argument as Inquiry Essay

â€Å"Sometimes the purpose of an argument is to generate truth, which will then resonate with an audience and be persuasive, but persuasion is the by-product and not the goal† (Weeblog). As a society, the importance of communication and the never ending search for truth has motivated great scholars and thinkers alike to express their ideas and values in the form of an argument. As seen from the quote above, the form of an argument not only serves a purpose in generating truth, but also in understanding perspectives and as a mode of relaying information. Truth to most is a relative term. So then how is it possible to successfully argue a truth? The book, everything’s an argument provides a clear answer to this paradox, â€Å"the point of argument is to discover some version of the truth, using evidence and reasons†¦The aim of persuasion is to change a point of view, or to move others from conviction to action. In other words, writers or speakers argue to find some truth; they persuade when they think they already know it† (Lunsford 6). Therefore, the method of presenting an argument does not necessarily mean the presenter must convince his audience, but simply provide absolute facts. As this varies from culture to culture, the response to a well argued truth can be a simple, quiet acceptance, or a heated debate. Most importantly however, is that in presenting a truth, the speaker or writer is using this argument as a mode of inquiry not only towards those that experience his argument, but towards himself as well. These personal arguments can be seen in a deep meditation or in prayer, and can also be used in a personal decision making. As a result, this purpose for an argument not only helps the speaker to understand the truths and beliefs of others in the world around him, but also increasing his ability to question himself. Understanding perspectives is a very humbling and challenging way to argue. Carl Rogers, a successful psychotherapist who founded the Rogerian argument, achieved a method which â€Å"is based on finding common ground and establishing trust among those who disagree about issues, and on approaching audiences in nonthreatening ways† (Lunsford 6). For that reason, the success of the argument is founded not only in trust but also on the grounds of first understanding others’ perspectives and principles; encouraging the opponent to genuinely listen and learn from what is said. With a foundation of truth and understanding, an argument can be valued in its ability to provide convincing evidence and information. Philosopher Aristotle â€Å"provides an elegant scheme for classifying the purposes of arguments, one based on issues of time – past, future, and present† (Lunsford 10), also known as forensic arguments. Many lawyers, politicians, and great speakers use evidence, policies, and facts from the past to support or justify their present argument. These arguments can focus not only on scientific, religious values, but on existing ethical and cultural differences as well. There are a variety of ways that different cultures handle legal systems, and thus various ways of presenting arguments. For instance, the Muslim religion and culture disparages and scorns women who refute or defy the authority of their husbands. Whereas the cultural ideals of American society encourage women to think for themselves, and challenge their husbands – often times with arguments. The ability to understand different cultures can be found in their own method of argument. Additionally, using arguments from the past can serve as a fountain of information and truth, as well provide a solid foundation and validate future arguments. Works Cited Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. everthing’s an argument. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. â€Å"Weeblog†. Inquiry. 31 March 2003.