Costa Coffee Marketing Plan China Marketing Essay

Costa Coffee Marketing Plan China Marketing Essay This paper targets illustrating the vital promoting approach of Costa Coffee for entering another market . Costa Coffee is the British part or retail deals of Whitbread Family. Whitbread is a British Multinational Company and it has establishments around the world. Whitbread incorporates Hotels, Restaurants [Household names like TGI Friday], Health and Fitness in addition to Other Businesses. The substance of this paper incorporate the showcasing methodology of Costa Coffee and its development designs in China. Presentation The Story The historical backdrop of Costa Coffee started in a mountain town outside the locale of Parma, where there was the place of Costa family. In the late 60s, the Italian siblings Bruno and Sergio Costa, hungry for progress, made a trip to England, looking for an open door for proficient headway. By showing up there, they discovered how basic the English espresso showcase was. Persuaded by their Italian foundation and Sergios aptitudes in the broiling of espresso beans, they chose to come back to Milan to improve their insight and method in Italian bistros. In 1971, upon their arrival to London, they purchased a three-story working in Lambeth, where they set up their own bistro. At the outset, the Costa siblings filled in as makers and wholesalers and were providing high-class cafés and claim to fame stores. Before long, they assembled their notoriety for their devotion to astounding nature of their item. Be that as it may, in 1978 they needed to discover some work for their spouses all together not to meddle in their business. Along these lines, they chose to make their first espresso boutique in Vauxhall Bridge Road, London, and doled out its administration to their spouses. This thought experienced colossal achievement, and drove the siblings to the development of Costa espresso boutiques and grant their administration to family members and companions. Since the initial day of the main store to date, the equivalent conventional technique for moderate broiling (18-22 minutes) of espresso beans is utilized, offering the delightful and fragrant mix Mocha Italia, from 6 Arabica beans and 1 Robusta. Tune in Peruse phonetically Word reference View itemized word reference Today, Costa Coffee possesses 500 shops around the world. Costa Coffee trusts in its workers aptitudes in this manner, it gives serious representative preparing at the Cost Coffee Academy. VISION: Costa Coffee vision is to give the best neighborliness to its clients since its scope of cordiality items go incorporates eateries, inns and relaxation clubs. Strategic: To serve the best espresso in the genuine Italian style. BUSINESS PORTFOLIO: Costa Coffee has gained notoriety for espresso greatness, and this is accomplished by completely controlling the procedure, from collect and determination of espresso beans, from the cooking of the Italian maestros, the selection of motors and consistence with the strategies of production of drinks, guaranteeing thusly that clients can appreciate the equivalent incredible quality espresso at any of Costa Coffee on the planet. The beverages are served in 3 distinct sizes Primo, Medio and Massimo, and the client can pick between the one of a kind mix of Mocha Italia, or decaf, entire or skim milk and include an additional portion of coffee, seasoned syrup, cream, sweets or chocolate. There are 15 factors that are consolidated and help to make the ideal Costa espresso. What's more, in each store overall customary controls occur, which guarantee consistency and upkeep of value. Each Costa Coffee has a Barista Maestro (espresso master) liable for keeping up the greatness of the beverages served. COSTA COFFEE AND STARBUCKS: Starbucks is the biggest contender of Costa Coffee. Starbucks is the pioneer in the coffeehouse advertise. Its universal nearness is in 50 nations. Then again, Costa Coffee, is the third greatest espresso pro in the market with shops in 25 nations. The two organizations have an astounding monetary presentation up to 2005 however in 2008 there was a reduction in income and working benefit because of the worldwide financial downturn. Be that as it may, in 2009. Starbucks has an improving in cost structure and along these lines its liquidity is better than Costa Coffee since it has figured out how to pay its momentary obligations. A key factor for the two organizations is globalization since most driving players in the foodservice advertise extend their activities in different nations. So the future achievement of Costa Coffee will be founded on its activities outside the UK. The equivalent applies for Starbucks. . THE CHOICE OF CHINA: China is one of the greatest monetary powers on the planet. Its household advertise is bigger so there is a ton of potential for global organizations. Its normal GDP development rate is over 10% in spite of the worldwide financial emergency (10.9% last quarter 2009) (BBC China economy 2009). Worldwide money related experts accept that the development of the Chinese economy will proceed. As to espresso industry in China, it ought to be seen that opposition is very extraordinary however deals in bistros has developed by 8% to RMB36billion (over  £3,487million). It ought to likewise be seen that in 2009 coffeehouses chains had a development of 22% (Euromonitor International August 2009,Cafà ©s/bars China). Be that as it may, the Chinese market for some, global organizations is viewed as an intense market since it is hard to comprehend nearby culture and customeCNY. Thusly, numerous organizations seek after joint endeavors and vital partnerships so as to work together in China. In 1998, Starbucks entered China and it has 180 cafés. In 2006, Costa Coffee entered China in an alternate way for example through a joint endeavor with Yueda Group which is situated in Jiangsu Province. This was done in light of the fact that a nearby accomplice realizes the market better so advertise infiltration for the new contestant is simpler. Be that as it may, this likewise implies Costa Coffee is intensely reliant on Yueda. Costa Coffee has a solid Italian air that targets pulling in the Chinese market. Well-off Chinese clients need to taste an espresso that is spoken to by a worldwide brand name. Up until this point, Starbucks has been very effective here. The hazard is that by being a band together with Yueda, the brand will be modified a lot of accordingly, Costa will lose its upper hand which is the Italian quality. Starbucks has forceful extension plan in China. The essential point is if Costa Coffee will keep up its image pith and won't be modified. For this situation, Costa Coffee will be a solid contender to Starbucks. Future patterns Strategy The principle issue for fastened cafés is to make a novel encounter that can't be effectively replicated. The customers need to make the most of their espresso in a pleasant situation. The bistro space ought to be alright with an ambiente that will be welcoming so the shoppers will come back to the shop once more. Individuals will need to live the coffee involvement with home so the deals of hardware and espresso will increment just as the interest for better and higher caliber of espresso and refreshments in cafés. Corporate social duty is another issue that affixed coffeehouses should take care on. They need to demonstrate that they execute moral practices. With respect to, specialists anticipate that tied cafés will utilize portable applications and have person to person communication devices sooner rather than later. COSTA COFFEE Financial Data Turnover:  £263.8m (2008:  £216.3m) Working benefit before uncommon things:  £22.7m (2008:  £20.8m) Number of outlets: 881 in the UK, 407 abroad Complete Revenue  £ (m) Technique Our objective for Premier Inn during 2009/10 is to convey around 2,000 new rooms in the UK and abroad. We have a solid pipeline of made sure about locales and will keep on building up a land bank. Globally, our first inn opened in Dubai during 2008 and we will expand on this position, expecting to open a further two lodgings in the Emirates in addition to one in India. We intend to open around 100 new Costa outlets in the UK in 2009/10. We will benefit from our solid Costa brand by concentrating on new areas, just as regions where we can supplant existing administrators, for example, in grocery stores, emergency clinics and recreation offices. Costa will likewise keep on fortifying its situation across worldwide markets, including 100 net new stores in the year ahead. Advertising OBJECTIVES: Enter Greek market and build up a critical piece of the overall industry; Increment item portfolio by new high bore items; Carry more an incentive to investors; Be an innovator in its field for client assistance; Create collusions with business accomplices and the networks in which Costa Coffee shops work. TARGET MARKET Costa Coffee offers a wide scope of items appropriate for all consumeCNY. Up until this point, espresso in China is expended in large urban communities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou). Espresso makers have focused on youthful experts since they are the most westernized, rich and liberal. Nonetheless, they consider it to be something that is in style as opposed to a standard propensity. Another objective gathering for espresso utilization are returnees for example Chinese that concentrated in Western nations and return to China. They are additionally well-off and they are acquainted with visiting cafés. Ex-taps are another objective gathering. Chinas financial development has pulled in a great deal of speculations from remote organizations. Ex-taps are utilized to drink espresso and their number expands each year. It has been evaluated that businesspeople from Hong Kong and Taiwan just as Westerners add up to 30% of clients at global anchored coffeehouses as Starbucks. The above client base has been very immersed so there is a need to build client base. In any case, espresso is viewed as an extravagance decent and the normal Chinese can't pay for some espresso. The normal Chinese yearly salary is RMB 8000 yuan though a little cup of Starbucks espresso costs RMS 12 yuan ($1.5 which is a similar cost as in USA). In the huge urban communities the normal yearly salary is higher anyway it is as yet hard for somebody to devour a cup o

Buddhism Converting To Taoism Free Essays

Since the philosophical and otherworldly standards engaged with Taoism underscore concordance and â€Å"creative quietude,† I would not forsee any sort of radical or significant clash which may happen in my life on the off chance that I turned into a Taoist tomorrow first thing. Turning into a Taoist isn't care for turning into an individual from a sorted out chapel where it is important to go to explicit administrations adn capacities and the effect of Taoism on one’s life is, to my comprehension, established first in the individual and just optionally in the open circle. Truth be told, one may be a Taoist without nay one else in any event, knowing the reality. We will compose a custom paper test on Buddhism Converting To Taoism or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The absence of doctrine in Taoism implies that it could never truly be important to lecture or convert to anybody about your convictions. In the Toa’ Te Ching, the stanza which peruses: â€Å"The tao that can be depicted/isn't the endless Tao. † (Tao) ought to be a sufficient admonition to any understudy of Taoism to recollect that there is nobody â€Å"truth;† nobody â€Å"way† thus, not at all like a few religions which stress lecturing others, Taoism, as a philosophical conviction would require in no way like this sort of authoritative opinion or â€Å"witnessing. † The progressions which I would expect and expectation would occur in my life are based around surrendering bogus aspirations and bogus mental self views and permitting the common desire and articulations of myself to rise up out of where they have been â€Å"sleeping. † In America we are instructed â€Å"no torment, no addition! † and this is a sort of philosophical weight that we as a whole convey which is in strife with another thought the majority of us all the while convey with us: that we need to be upbeat. The possibility that we can't increase except if we are in torment and that all addition is eventually to make satisfaction is self-repudiating and it looks somewhat like the Taoist thought that â€Å"Freed from want, you can see the concealed puzzle. /By having want, you can just observe what is obviously genuine. † (Tao) however it is definitely this sort of goals to the conflicting driving forces in Western culture that I would trust Taoism would lead me through. The Taoist standards I would summon, as referenced, would be conjured fundamentally through activity and not words. In this way, in the event that somebody discovered that I regularly looked to be distant from everyone else to think, or that I frequently followed instinct as opposed to â€Å"logic† in settling on choices and that I tried to be genuinely and mentally in contact with â€Å"Darkness conceived from dimness. /The start of all understanding. † (Tao), I expect I would have the option to disclose to them that my convictions and practices were a piece of a bigger, old, reasoning with establishes in the East and that through its inhabitants and practices I wanted to discover congruity inside myself and amicability with my environmental factors: no more, no less. I feel that rehearsing Taoist contemplation and innovative quietude would surely bring about a diminishing of pressure in my life. It would most likely bring about my having a progressively dynamic fanciful and dream-life, perhaps a superior sexual coexistence, and conceivably even a superior regiment of diet and exercise. The threat with any religion of reasoning is to take a gander at it as a â€Å"cure all† to anticipate that a marvel should come out of it promptly and make a huge difference you don’t like about yourself or your life. Another threat is fixation or the powerlessness to see whatever else however the authoritative opinion of one’s religion or reasoning. I accept that Taoism is so really liberated from authoritative opinion that it’s essential thoughts and practice would bring about enlarging, instead of decreasing, my character and individual manner. I figure I would wind up loose while others were getting tense. I figure I would begin delayed with the more recondite acts of sutra and yoga yet lean vigorously at forst on the thoughts and otherworldly insight accessible in Taoist idea. The most effective method to refer to Buddhism Converting To Taoism, Papers

Catcher in the Rye Symbolism

The Dangers of Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye It is ordinary to need to escape from the entirety of the issues of the world, however it isn't typical to need to be totally disengaged from individuals. Holden needed to have no human contact what so ever, and that isn't typical. All through the book Holden communicates a defiant disposition toward the world, and this insubordinate demeanor originates from his captivation by being distant from everyone else. He separates himself from the world since he has not yet gotten himself and is looking. Holden feels that he should get himself alone with nobody else's assistance. Holden communicates his defiant side when he gets kicked out of school, once more. Holden doesn't care for school since he doesn't care for doing exercises that he becomes annoyed for and sees no reason for doing them. Holden likewise is insubordinate in the manner that he smokes and beverages when he is a minor. He is an over the top smoker and goes to liquor to smother his sentiments of wretchedness, which are indications of liquor addiction. This conduct isn't inconceivable, yet is uncommon for a 16-year-old to turn into a heavy drinker. From this defiant mentality Holden gets disengaged from everyone around him. His first demonstration of confinement with a blend of disobedience is when Holden doesn't go to the game in the start of the book. Everybody would have been there and he wouldn't like to resemble every other person. Getting kicked out of school is another case of him revolting and the reason for it being disconnection. After he leaves Pency, Holden gets together with an old companion of his, Sally. In the wake of spending time with her for a spell Holden inquires as to whether she needs to flee with him. From this we discover that he wants to escape from the world. From this statement that Holden said we can advise the amount he needs to flee, â€Å"I figured what I'd do was, I'd imagine I was one of those hard of hearing quiets. That way I wouldn't must have any god dam idiotic pointless discussions with anyone. In the event that anyone needed to reveal to me something, they'd need to compose it on a bit of paper and push it over to me. They'd get exhausted as damnation doing that sooner or later, and afterward I'd be through with having discussions for the remainder of my life†(p 198). After being kicked out of school, Holden chooses to go on a little excursion. In this brief timeframe Holden experiences numerous tribulations. To get here and there Holden takes taxis. During these rides Holden inquires as to whether they know where the ducks go when the lake freezes over. The responses from the taxi drivers are distinctive each time, yet his common worry about the ducks is by all accounts representative of Holden's craving for reason and bearing. While he is without anyone else, Holden doesn't remain in one spot for exceptionally long. He didn't have the foggiest idea where to go next simply as he didn't have the foggiest idea where his life was going. During his time without anyone else, Holden envisions turning into a hard of hearing quiet and fleeing. Holden needs to utilize his creative mind to feel increasingly associated with the world and his feelings. He does this in light of the fact that in his dreamland he can control what occurs and, all things considered, he needed to do likewise. Towards the finish of the book, Holden loses increasingly more of his feeling of the real world. In the event that he had remained on this way he would have lost all feeling of the real world. These emotions that Holden had were each the reason for themselves. He propped up around in a dangerous and ineffective cycle, which would be difficult to break. Toward the finish of the book, Holden didn't ride the carousel since he needed to break that cycle. He needed to be there for his sister and see her grow up. He needed to be a piece of life, and the world. So as to do that he would require some assistance, and the psychological emergency clinic was the ideal spot for the sort of help Holden required.

Team Summary free essay sample

In week four material we found out about IT anticipates and how urgent and basic these tasks are to a business. We took in the significance of these tasks and venture the board. A key point talked about in week four material is venture arranging and the triple requirements of undertaking the executives. The triple limitations of task administrations incorporate the time, extension, and cost of an undertaking. Each task likewise ought to be surveyed utilizing five stages or stages: * Project Initiation Project Planning * Project Execution * Project Monitoring and Control * Project Completion We additionally found out about business programs and increased a comprehension of the specialized side and the a wide range of steps required to manufacture an effective program. Settling on a kind of program relies upon a couple of significant advances. There are various models an association can use to aid venture the executives and execution. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a case of one way that organizations utilize various strides to choose which program to utilize. We will compose a custom paper test on Group Summary or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The lifecycle includes six phases the frameworks examination, frameworks investigation, frameworks configuration, programming and testing, execution, and activity and support. Frameworks Investigations are when designers explore the current issues with the present framework. At that point the designers inspect the issue and decide the client necessities, which is Systems Analysis. Framework Design is the progression when engineers conclude how to determine the issue. Next the designers change the answer for the issue into PC code, which is Programming and Testing. Usage happens when the old framework is changed over into the new framework. To guarantee the achievement of the new program, the designers plan reviews to evaluate the frameworks abilities, which is Operation and Maintenance. The frameworks advancement life cycle is significant on the grounds that it powers staff to deliberately experience each progression in an organized procedure, upholds quality by looking after guidelines, and brings down the likelihood of missing significant issues in gathering client prerequisites. A wide range of introduction devices exist for organizations. These introductions can incorporate highlights that upgrade the introduction outwardly and help a speaker in conveying an extraordinary introduction. Microsoft PowerPoint might be one of the most mainstream yet numerous different fashioners are rising. The decision to put resources into a decent introduction instrument relies upon the sort of business and how regularly the business will utilize the introduction apparatus. The distinctive introduction devices accessible can give individuals and organizations an alternate edge on introducing their material. Albeit a portion of the distinctive introduction apparatuses may charge an expense, some month to month, some yearly, and some make some one-memories charge, it might be to the greatest advantage of an organization to put resources into an alternate sort of introduction devices.

Ready, Set, Cook! How To Publish Your Cookbook

Ready, Set, Cook! How To Publish Your Cookbook Do you have several signature recipes that your friends and family beg for? Is your dish the one everyone raves about at family gatherings and holiday celebrations? If so, and if cooking is your passion, publishing a cookbook is the next logical stepâ€"particularly if you have a knack for writing, as well.But where do you begin?You begin by focusing on the best way to share your creativity and knowledge with other cooks who want to wow their families just like you do. Once you have that focus and are ready to start writing, here are the steps to follow if your dream is to publish a cookbook:Decide on the category and what youll offer your readersIf you happen to be a celebrity chef ready to publish a cookbook, this part is easy: chefs who have gained popularity, whether regionally or nationally, have a ready-made audience likely biting at the bit for a cookbook.Photo by Nick Karvounis on UnsplashHowever, if your notoriety is somewhere beneath celebrity chef status, youll need to take the time to really nail down the category and niche appeal you can add to the market. Without taking the time to do this, youll risk creating a cookbook that doesnt have much appeal to an audience (either because the market is oversaturated or you are not offering anything unique as a writer).The best market research you can do while preparing to write and publish a cookbook is on Amazons categories list. Under the general category Cookbooks, Food Wine youll find the following sub-categories:Asian CookingBakingBeverages WineCanning PreservingCelebrities TV ShowsComfort FoodCooking Education ReferenceCooking MethodsCooking by IngredientDessertsEntertaining HolidaysItalian CookingKitchen AppliancesMain Courses Side DishesOutdoor CookingProfessional CookingQuick EasyRegional InternationalSpecial DietU.S. CookingVegetarian VeganThis list is a great way to narrow down what youd like to do in creating a cookbook that is unique, engaging, and informative. Browse through the cate gories and glance at the summaries of the different types of cookbooks that are published. Pay attention to the rank in sales each book has achieved on Amazon, and if youre undecided between several potential categoriesâ€"make life easier for yourself and choose the one that shows the highest sales rating.If youre hoping to publish your cookbook through traditional publishers, here are a few questions theyll want you to answer in your pitch:How does this cookbook fill a gap in the market?How are you uniquely qualified to write it?Do you offer any valuable insights that are not widely known?By the end of this process, you should have enough information to continue to the next phase of writing a best-selling cookbook: Create a one-paragraph elevator pitch.Create your one-paragraph elevator pitchIn sales and marketing, the elevator pitch is a 30-second description of what youre selling. Since most elevator rides last 20 to 30 seconds, an elevator pitch needs to capture your audiences a ttention with minimal words. Basicallyâ€"be concise, be passionate, and make them want to know more.For example, lets say I want to publish a cookbook that contains canning and preserving recipes my grandmothers passed down to me. A great elevator pitch would be something like this:Preserving the Past is a cookbook for people who love recipes passed down through generations. It contains 50 canning and preserving recipes, ranging from apple butter to hot pepper relish to marinara sauce. Heart-healthy and diabetic friendly alternatives are included, and each recipe is followed by my recollections of working in the kitchen to prepare these recipes with my aunts and grandmothers.Photo by Maarten van den Heuvel on UnsplashNow for the fun partâ€"recipesMost cooks know the format of a recipe: Ingredients list and preparation instructions. However, the details that are included can mean the difference between a recipe that is easy to follow and one that frustrates readers.This is one reason why cooking tradition passed down through generations is so easy to remember. If you watched your grandmother make a dish over and overâ€"even helped her make it, at pointsâ€"you likely have the steps burned into your memory. Seeing the process makes it much easier to understand compared to only reading about the process.Another point to consider when you are writing out your recipes is that some of your readers might be on a diet plan, and need to know the serving size and nutritional information of the dish. Websites like SparkRecipes.com offer an easy-to-use calculator to determine the nutritional value of the recipe based on the ingredients and serving size. If you include this additional information, you should mention it in your elevator pitch, since it is a selling point.IngredientsBefore I discuss tips for writing your recipe ingredients, lets look at current food trends. An article published on Food Navigator notes that there is increasing awareness of the connections betw een diet, aging, and health. Heart disease, cancer, kidney stones, diabetesâ€"the list of health problems caused by diet is extensive.Considering that many people are battling these health issues, there is an eager audience for cookbooks promising health-conscious dishes. If you can boast health-conscious dishes that dont sacrifice flavor, youre steps ahead of the competition already.With this in mind, if there is a way you can adapt your ingredients to healthier alternativesâ€"do it. When youre in the elevator pitch stages, you can use trendy buzzwords like organic or healthier alternative or gluten free to get the attention of publishers.Photo by Gaelle Marcel on UnsplashBeyond considering health-conscious alternatives, here are a few tips for creating your ingredients list:List the ingredients in the order they will be used.Offer substitutes for ingredients that might be hard to find, or that are mainly found in certain regions.Be specific (for example, specify red, white, or yel low onion).Note the optimal size of the mixing bowl, food processor, or other cookware that is to be used.If ingredients are to be mixed in a certain order, note it and list them in the correct order.Preparation instructionsHere are some rules to follow when writing your recipes preparation instructions:Use short sentences and include cooking times, as well as how cooking times could differ at high altitude or in different dishes (for example, glass vs. metal).Explain each step in a logical manner. For example, if the oven needs to be preheated, note that. Or if brining the night before is required, that should be listed first in the preparation instructions.Explain what the correct consistency of the dish should be at each stage of the cooking process (for example, its consistency while mixing vs. its consistency when done).Note which cookware is best for the recipe. If a glass dish is best for cooking, inform your audience of that, along with which size pan or dish should be used. If the recipe contains different components of the dish (for example, a chocolate cake with glazed icing), you need to write the preparation instructions separately.For recipes with multiple components, use logic. If the icing needs to go on the cake once the cake has cooled, then write the preparation instructions for the cake first and the icing next. This insinuates to your reader that they can start the icing component after the cake component is placed in the oven for cooking.Get amazing photographsIf youve ever seen a photo of a mouthwatering dish and your stomach rumbles in response, then you understand the aesthetics and marketing value of food photography for your cookbook. Recipes that contain photos, especially photos of each stage in the preparation/cooking process are not only more appealingâ€"they make it easier for your readers to know what to expect.Photo by Christine Siracusa on UnsplashEven if you dont consider yourself to be a photographer, there are a few tricks to getting amazing photographs of your prepared dishes:Use natural lightingTaking a shot near a window at daylight will give you much better results than shooting at night with artificial lights.Use depth of fieldDepth of field is an expression used in photography to note the distance between foreground objects and background objects. When the background is blurry, the foreground seems closer, and is the focus of the shot. Without depth of field, objects in the background will appear too close to the dish, drawing focus away from it.Most modern smartphones now offer this feature and most digital cameras allow you to manually adjust the depth of field. If youre not sure how to make that happen, this article is a great resource for guiding you through the camera settings.Take shots of different stages in the preparation processSince cooking enthusiasts will be buying your book to prepare the recipes on their own, make sure the steps are simple to follow. One way to do this is to take shots at multiple stages of the preparation process. A photo would be especially useful to your reader if a certain step in the preparation stage could cause confusion.One final noteWhile your recipes are important, keep in mind that your story is also part of what attracts audiences. Being personable, open, and entertaining in your introductions and/or interludes between recipes will endear your readers to you as a chef. Since you, as an individual, are unique, making the recipes part of your personal story will produce a cookbook that stands apart from all the others.

Mesopotamia Essay

Mesopotamia Essay Mesopotamia Essay Mesopotamia essay is a specific type of archaeology papers that tends to focus on the origin of Mesopotamian civilization and evolution of its culture. This particular type of college paper requires student to implement scientific research methods to determine the major characteristics of the Mesopotamia inhabitants and society. Mesopotamia essay paper should consist of an abstract, introduction, main body part, and conclusion. It is essential to conduct a careful research of the topic to make your Mesopotamia essay sound credible and informative. Of course, the range of sources available for the research will be limited by the subject and topics of archaeology papers. Students should gather reliable data for their Mesopotamia essay, Alexandria essay or Siberian paper in order to establish the context and support the arguments imposed in the paper. Writer must be careful with getting information for his/her college paper from the outside sources as each and every quote must be properly referenced. Moreover, Mesopotamia essay must include the reference page at the end with the complete list of referenced material. Archaeology paper should have trustworthy foundation of particular relevant knowledge; thus, student has to fully comprehend its meaning. Consequently, student will have to form an argument point based on the analysis of this knowledge. When working on the Mesopotamia essay, student should be aware of the need to provide a well-organized structure of a developing argument. Writer does not only have to provide his/her personal views and opinions, but has to include a reasonable argument to each and every point. Unlike pharaoh paper, Mesopotamia essay must not be a straightforward descriptive or narrative, for it will then lack analysis and support and will not sound credible. Research analysis is a key element of Mesopotamia essay or even Modern essay. Archaeology papers should incorporate the relevant factual evidence in order to argue a point a flow into conclusion. Each and every source of archaeology papers has to be assessed and evaluated as to their credibility.

The Justice And Restorative Justice - 1621 Words

Punishment is not necessarily the answer for young offenders, as crime is a gesture for help in many cases, and punishment-focused approaches don’t allow young individuals the chance to understand the implications of their actions through a victim s’ perspective (Choi, Green, and Gilbert 337). Policies and practices for youths need to fulfill more than entrapment and punishment, providing rationale for restorative justice (337). Crimes committed by young individuals are often minor, first-time acts which can be mediated and addressed through the proactive administration of restorative rehabilitation, which often prevents recidivism. Restorative justice is a process where all parties involved in a particular offense come together in order to collectively resolve the aftermath and future implications of the specific crime (Roche 343). Restorative justice is the the ideal response for the majority of youth involved in criminal activity, as it’s a rehabilitative meth od that produces positive healing processes and outcomes, especially in comparison to retributive justice approaches. Martin Wright explains that restorative justice involves a fundamental change in the response a society has towards individuals who harm one another. Wright elaborates that this terminology shifts the meaning of crime, stressing the fact that people are harmed, rather than a crime was broken (Wright 216). This highlights the ultimate source of restorative justice, and its strong relationship withShow MoreRelatedRESTORATIVE JUSTICE1036 Words   |  5 Pages Restorative Justice Introduction to Criminal Court Systems - CJA 224 January 20, 2014 Michael S. Hudson Restorative Justice Other than the conventional Criminal Justice process there is a new way to handle crime called the Restorative Justice program. This program exists only in certain cities throughout the United States. The Restorative Justice program has the purpose to reduce crime. This program has many steps, and during the course of the process hasRead MoreRestorative Justice1645 Words   |  7 PagesRestorative Justice Restorative Justice is an alternative to the traditional system. Even though restorative justice will never replace the traditional system, it has a balanced focus on the person harmed, the person causing the harm and the affected community, rather than just the crime through the eyes of the law. Restorative Justice is always voluntary for the victims, and the offenders have to be willing to cooperate and they have to want to do this. Restorative Justice is a forward-lookingRead MoreRestorative Justice788 Words   |  4 Pagessecond decision to do something bad. Likewise, Wichmann explains, the restorative justice process benefits those who have been victims. When somebody is harmed, it’s hard to understand why the crime happened to them. In a typical criminal justice system there is little opportunity for victims to understand or feel like there has been opportunity for them to hear apology from the offender. In that sense, restorative justice feels more fulfilling to all parties (Wichmann, B. personal communicationRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System1993 Words   |  8 Pages Restorative Justice in the Criminal Justice System Nathan Tabita Columbia College Abstract Throughout this paper, various articles will be discussed in further detail on the issue of restorative justice within the criminal justice system in the United States. Both benefits and disadvantages of restorative justice will be analyzed, in order to have a greater understanding of the alternative justice program, and to remove any preconceived ideas unsubstantiated by facts. FocusRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System1931 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Restorative justice is a comparative newcomer to the world of criminal justice; however restorative justice has been around, ‘officially’- by means of legislation for 14 years, and unofficially (in innovative practice), for longer. The knowledge and skills associated with restorative justice have slowly but surely migrated to other services, such as education, with startling results (Daniels, 2013). With the criminal justice system being so unfair and bias for years maybe even centuriesRead MoreRestorative Justice And Justice System2338 Words   |  10 Pages Restorative justice has some key restorative values that are vital in the restorative justice conference to make the experience ‘restorative’. Concerning addressing victim needs and concerns means for listening, respecting, being non-judgmental, not blaming the victim and apologizing. The RJ system was bought as an alternative to the criminal justice system to give greater emphasis on victim rights and needs, offender accountability and community involvement. Throughout the essay, there will beRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1905 Words   |  8 PagesThere are two forms of justice that the American society has come to know today. One is the traditional justice system and the other is restorative justice. The first half of this paper will provide an overview of how justice is achieved using the traditional due process system of our criminal justice system. Specifically, I will assess each step of due process, pointing out the possible outcomes of how justice is traditionally attained. I will also provide several examples of how the system hasRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1044 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice has can be seen to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal withRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System2505 Words   |  11 PagesRESTORATIVE JUSTICE A DEFINITION The Oxford Dictionary defines the word restorative as having the ability to restore (i.e. repair, renovate or reinstate) health, strength or a feeling of well-being. Also, it defines the word justice as the administration of the law or authority in maintaining just behaviour or treatment. Thus, in lay man’s terms restorative justice would mean having the ability to reinstate a feeling of well-being by the administration of the law. Although there is an increasedRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice Centres2325 Words   |  10 PagesRestorative Justice(RJ) is a process in by which it takes an alternative form from the traditional CJS and aims to prompt resolution with offender, victims and the wider community in a safe setting. RJ looks at crime in terms of violation against the community and individual rather than a violation against the law (Gabbay, 2005). As with the traditional CJS, the voices of the victims and offenders are very minimal and not adequately addressed to a large extent; restorative justice centres its main

New Deal And Social Security - 3151 Words

New Deal and Social security: Before the 1930’s, the care for the elderly was of family or local concern. Following the economic crash of the Great Depression, some of the many â€Å"dangers† in life, including poverty, unemployment, and old age, were faced head on through the actions of the New Deal. The New Deal, created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, set up a series of domestic programs to decrease unemployment rates and salvage what was left of the economy. The poverty rate of the elderly exceeded 50 percent and the stock market crash destroyed many Americans savings, thus the Social Security Act was created. This act provided aid to dependent children, unemployment and disability insurance, and pensions for the elderly. An issue with this system was that it might seem like a welfare program rather than an insurance program. To combat this issue, the social security funds would be from payroll taxes from employers and workers. Younger generations would finance the fund and would ben efit from the system once they turned 65. Although this was a much-needed system, especially after the Great Depression, many still opposed this idea. People argued that this act would cause a loss of jobs and that it reeked of socialism. The argument was rebutted when proponents of the act proved how it would act as an incentive for the elderly to retire, thus creating more job openings for younger generations. A major downfall of this act rested on the shoulders of the women andShow MoreRelatedThe New Deal And Social Security Act Of 1935 Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty, Rehabilitation, and Legislation: The New Deal and Social Security Act of 1935. Jacquelyn R. Ward United States History II: 1865-Present September 27, 2016 â€Æ' After the Great Depression, many Americans were left disheveled. They needed some form of financial assistance to help them get their lives back to normal. Many government officials such as Hurbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt helped to enact bills and programs that would assist Americans in rehabilitating their livesRead MoreThe Social Security Act ( Ssa ) Of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal1376 Words   |  6 Pagesover Social Security have been ongoing since its inception in 1935 until today. The trend seems to be toward an increasing percentage of the American public, across party and demographic lines, in favor of strengthening Social Security funding, and a willingness to pay more to preserve and even improve benefits. However, what is not clear is whether Americans favor privatization of Social Security because of fears that the Social Security Trust Fund is living on borrowed time. The Social SecurityRead MoreThe Social Security Act ( Ssa ) Of President Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1102 Words   |  5 Pagesover Social Security have been ongoing since its inception in 1935 until today. The trend seems to be toward an increasing percentage of the American public, across party and demographic lines, in favor of strengthening Social Security funding, and a willingness to pay more to preserve and even improve benefits. However, what is not clear is whether Americans favor privatization of Social Security because of fears that the Social Security Trust Fund is living on borrowed time. The Social SecurityRead MoreThe Significance of the Social Security Act to Social Work Practice 1454 Words   |  6 Pagesjobs and homes, it was time for a change to happen. With the election of Roosevelt in 1933, something new was on its way. During Roosevelts first 100 days in office, his administration passed legislation that aimed to stabilize industrial and agricultural production, create jobs and stimulate recovery. (AE Television Networks, 2013). As his presidency continued, he created the New Deal. The New Deal was a series of economic measures to alleviate the worst effect of the economy at the time and to regenerateRead MoreThe New Deal – Was It A Good Deal? Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesfighting against in the Cold War. At a time when the Great Depression had ravaged America, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted various programs – collectively called the New Deal. These programs were focused on helping Americans get back on their feet; by and large m ost of the programs did just that. Nevertheless, the New Deal programs implemented during 1933-1936 did in fact set the stage for America’s loss of individual freedoms, a dependency upon the United States government, and enlarged theRead MoreThe New Deal1023 Words   |  5 Pagesstate of affairs and a desire for a new approach on â€Å"fixing the national economic crisis† (Hurley). The new president would not let down the nation. During his first two terms in office, FDR â€Å"enforced legislation through Congress that set a new standard for government intervention in the economy† (wm.edu). The change he made for the nation was radical, the plan would create a lasting impact that benefitted the country for years to come. Although the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, itRead MoreThe New Deal: Radical Policies towards a Conservative Goal1539 Words   |  6 Pages The New Deal: Radical Policies towards a Conservative Goal In his inaugural address, President Franklin D. Roosevelt set the tone for the upcoming half century when he confidently said, â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself†. In response to the economic collapse of the Great Depression, a bold and highly experimental fleet of government bureaus and agencies known as Roosevelt’s Alphabet Soup were created to service the programs of the New Deal and to provide recovery to the American peopleRead MoreThe Administration Of President Franklin D. Roosevelt1469 Words   |  6 Pageslate 1929. The Great Depression, and later the Second World War, resulted in political, social, and cultural changes throughout Roosevelt’s presidency, and throughout the country. Some of the main events that occurred as a result of The Great Depression and WWII, during Roosevelt’s administration were The first and second new deal, mass migration and immigration due to both the Great Depression and WWII, and new government agenc ies established as a result of the Great Depression. The economic collapseRead MoreFranklin Roosevelts New Deal Essay503 Words   |  3 PagesFranklin Roosevelts New Deal When President took office in March of 1932 he had an idea of a plan, which would have to develop over time, which was the New Deal for the American People. He believed that if this plan went through, it would solve the problem of the Great Depression and restore the American economy. President Roosevelts New Deal that took time to develop included programs that would help the unemployed get jobs, social security issues such as welfare, and housing and agriculturalRead MoreThe Great Depression DBQ839 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican citizens were affected by it in some way or another. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal was effective in addressing the issues of The Great Depression in the sense that it provided immediate relief to US citizens by lowering unemployment, increasing trust in the banks, getting Americans out of debt, and preventing future economic crisis from taking place through reform. Despite these efforts The New Deal failed to end the depression. In order for America to get out of this economic disaster

How to Make Thermite With Aluminum from an Etch-a-Sketch

You may have learned about exothermic reactions in chemistry class. In an exothermic reaction, chemicals interact and release heat and often light. Burning wood is an exothermic reaction. So is rusting of iron, although the reaction is so slow you dont notice much going on. You can react iron much more quickly and spectacularly using the thermite reaction, which burns aluminum. The classic method of performing the reaction involves iron oxide, aluminum powder, and magnesium, but you can make do with household materials: 50 grams of finely powdered rust (Fe2O3)15 grams of aluminum powder (Al) Iron Oxide Collect rust from a rusted iron object, such as rust from a wet steel wool pad. Alternatively, you can use magnesite as your iron compound, which may be collected by running a magnet through beach sand. Aluminum This is where your Etch-a-Sketch comes into play. The powder inside an Etch-a-Sketch is aluminum. If you crack open the Etch-a-Sketch, you have the perfect complement to the iron oxide from the previous step. However, if you cant find an Etch-a-Sketch, you can grind aluminum foil in a spice mill. No matter how you get it, wear a mask when dealing with aluminum powder because you dont want to breathe it in. Wash your hands and everything after working with the stuff. Thermite reaction. Andy Crawford Tim Ridley / Getty Images Etch-a-Sketch Thermite Reaction This is insanely easy. Just be sure to choose a location away from anything flammable. Use eye protection when viewing the reaction, since a lot of light is emitted. Mix together the iron oxide and aluminum.Use a sparkler to light the mixture.Move away from the reaction and let it burn to completion before cleaning it up. Once it is cool, you can pick up the molten metal and examine it. You can use a propane torch instead of a sparkler to initiate the reaction, but try to maintain your distance as much as possible. Source Goldschmidt, Hans; Vautin, Claude 1898). Aluminium as a Heating and Reducing Agent. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 6 (17): 543–545.

A Child s Brain And Never Stops - 2405 Words

I was appalled when the book was started by having Pip guess how his parents would look like based off their tombstones. This scene reminded me of myself when I was younger, because I would also come to a conclusion about how someone would look like based on other descriptions such as how they would sound on the phone.In this scene,Dickens perfectly captures the train of thoughts that goes through a child’s brain and never stops. I believe the book was started by using this scene because he wanted pip’s narration to induce the complications of his childhood. Dickens elucidates the social class and the current condition the convict lives in using this description.This description strongly reminds me of a creepy old man that you would†¦show more content†¦This quote doesn’t blend in with the time period. During the time this book was placed in, it was unusual for women to be in charge of the family.When the term brought up by hand is used, it usually means to be bottle fed.However, in the book it means that they were raised by a hand that would spank,smack, and abuse both Joe and Pip. The hand symbolizes strength,whoever uses it will have power over everyone else in the family. During that time it was common for a parent to treat their kid like that, I’m glad that things have changed. A saying I always hear is that everyone always notices your mistakes, but not your pain or sorrow. Whenever, I feel like I have done something wrong, it seems to me like everyone can see through me. I conclude that everyone knows what I did and everyone is just judging and watching me. I believe that when Pip was walking around, he also felt all of these emotions and thoughts going through his head. Additionally, I think that the reason why people tell the truth when it will hurt them is to avoid these thoughts and emotions that would destroy them on the inside. I found Pip’s behavior to be very erratic in this scene. Before, the convict was threatening Pip’s life earlier in the book. I believe that because of the condition of the man, Pip feels sorry for the convict. The pie symbolizes friendship, and when Pip gave the convict the pie they both received something they wanted. Pip

The Ultimate Power Struggle One’s Descent into Immorality Free Essays

If we must fight, we should put up a damn good one. In my power struggles in the past, either within myself or with others, I realized that when I am in the right I don’t back down. I assert my standpoint well and stand firm in what I believe in. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ultimate Power Struggle: One’s Descent into Immorality or any similar topic only for you Order Now All through my childhood, adolescent and adult years, I knew that if I own it, I win it.   The short story, â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† illustrates a complicated power struggle between three friends, who each sink into a sense of immoral conviction as they own up and affirm their weaknesses. The power struggle among the three characters, Tub, Frank and Kenny, is evident all throughout the story. At the beginning of the story we see Kenny, an insensitive man, play a scary joke on Tub by almost running down his friend with the truck. Right away, he shows the reader his dominance over Tub. Frank, on the other hand, treats Tub like a joke, ignoring Tub’s concerns and emphasizing Tub’s obesity as an impediment. With Kenny delightfully participating, he leaves Tub behind in the hike through the snow (Please cite the page number here). Tub meanwhile tries to forgive his friends, and struggles to keep up with their pace. As the story progresses, however, his submissive behavior changes and his struggle for power becomes pronounced when he shoots Kenny and confronts Frank (Please cite the page number here). Wolff’s rich characterization is achieved through skillful narration, in revealing the characters’ personality; and through skillful use of suspense and surprise, in revealing the characters’ actions. Wolff’s characters are so ingeniously shaped and presented that the reader instantly connects with  them.   The power struggle in my friendships with men and with women is in parallel with the story. It is inevitable, in a set of friends, to not acquire a certain reputation; be it a bully, a meddler, a cohort, a confidante. Establishing such an image or a reputation is a dilemma, and a power struggle within the self and with others. The power struggle within oneself is illustrated in the internal conflicts Tub and Frank are experiencing. Tub is lying to himself and to people around him about his weight problem. He appears to be on a strict diet, eating only hard-boiled eggs and celery sticks (Please cite the page number here).   He tells friends that his obesity is a glandular problem, and therefore not within his will to control. Towards the end of the story, however, he admits to Frank that he is lying about this aspect of his health (Please cite the page number here). Frank, on the other hand, is lying to himself and to his family about his pursuit of lust. He twists facts about Roxanne Brewer, the fifteen-year-old babysitter with whom he has an illicit affair. He rationalizes that her age is not an issue, and that there is something special about her that goes beyond the sexual aspect (Please cite the page number here). He cannot readily admit to himself and to Tub that the ultimate reason for the affair is his sexual gratification. Wolff’s use of the narrative voice and of character dialogue is powerful because it accurately illustrates the convictions of each character with merely a line or two. Wolff crafts character dialogue in its best form. While reading the story, I sympathized with the character named Tub a great deal. He reminds me of an old saying that goes â€Å"A lie, when oft repeated, is eventually considered a truth.†Ã‚  Ã‚   Like Tub, I sometimes tell lies to mask embarrassing inadequacies. However,  unlike Tub, my strength lies in recognizing early on, when to stop seeing the lie as a truth. The power struggle between the characters and their circumstance is illustrated in the plot of the story. The three friends find themselves in a dilemma when, after Tub shot Kenny, the long drive to the hospital is difficult to make because of the unfamiliar area. (Please cite the page number here).   Dealing with their own personal circumstance did not help either, with Frank and Tub taking their sweet time to stop by a tavern, and confessing each other’s weaknesses (Please cite the page number here), clearly an action out of place especially when a wounded and bleeding Kenny is waiting in a truck, out in the cold. When Frank and Tub finally proceed with the drive to the hospital, they take a wrong turn (Please cite the page number here), implying that Kenny might not even make it alive to the hospital. Wolff’s narrative voice is powerful in the revelation of the character’s actions and in the unfolding of the story. The last two lines of the   story have a strong impact on the reader: â€Å"†¦He was wrong. They had taken a different turn a long way back† (Please cite the page number here). Figuratively, it depicts the characters’ descent into immoral convictions, with Frank indulging Tub’s gluttony and Tub condoning Frank’s illicit relationship (Please cite the page number here). I sometimes find myself in a power struggle with my personal circumstance. It is during such times that the feeling of helplessness is so oppressive. Tobias Wolff is clearly a skillful storyteller. With his ingenious use of fiction elements and his masterful ease with manipulating the narrative voice, he creates a powerful story that readers such as myself can relate with.   At the same time, Wolff shocks and  enlightens his readers by revealing the foibles of human character. He achieves one purpose of great literature: to deliver insight so that the reader will realize the value of his strengths and experiences, and the dangers of his weaknesses. Part B. Writing about Poetry On the poem, â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost (Please cite the page number here). The image of bent birches suggests the idea of an entity being ravaged by external forces, such as a human being weighed down by age and its burdens. This image evokes a sad, poignant fact about life: when we age and are constantly weighed down by problems we may end up â€Å"bent†, radically changed. Using birches as a symbol is an effective technique used by the poet, Robert Frost. During its reading, the verses depict two different images: the literal and the figurative; and so the reader is given two separate but related ideas to grasp, and the experience is enlightening. The image of a boy swinging on birch trees suggests the idea of childhood innocence. Lines 26–28 clearly depict so: â€Å"Some boy too far from town to learn baseball / Whose only play was what he found himself / Summer or winter, and could play alone† (Please cite the page number here). The poet is right on target in conveying the message that childhood, unlike adulthood, is innocent and simple. It does not include complex problems that adults are faced with. The reading of the verses is a delight, since it brings back memories of the reader’s own childhood. On the poem, â€Å"On Reading Poems to a Senior Class at South High† by D.C. Berry (Please cite the page number here). The image of water filling the room as is a fresh, new way of depicting the gradual invasion of intellectual discourse in a learning environment. As the persona is discussing a poem to his class, he likens the situation to an aquarium, where the students open up like gills and let him in (lines 13-14, page no.__ ). The use of water as a metaphor for verbal discussion is appropriate and masterful. The image of the persona and his students swimming around the room, â€Å"like thirty tails whacking words† (lines 16-17, page no.__ ) conveys the idea of a loud, intense activity such as a lively discussion of poems.   The poet, D.C. Berry, successfully concretizes an abstract idea by his use of this imagery. He succeeds in making the poem a delightful read, and introducing a fresh concept to his readers. This poem is a fresh new way of looking at class discussions or poetry readings. It is remarkable how one poem can introduce a reader into seeing an idea in another point of view. On the poem, â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen (Please cite the page number here). The most memorable and haunting images in this poem can be found in lines 17-24 (Please cite the page number here). The images convey the idea of death in its violent form. White eyes writhing, blood gargling, sores on tongues (lines 19-24, page no.__ ) are perfect images for this poem that depicts the real, raw situation of soldiers at war. The reader gets a sense of distaste for the concept that it is sweet and becoming to die for  one’s country. The images portray a death so violent it is far from being sweet. The author uses imagery and tone to convey his message to his readers. As a result, it is as if the persona himself takes the readers by the hand and shows them the ghastly conditions of war. This poem offers a vivid vicarious experience and the realization that the effect of war is rarely glorious, especially to those who experience it first hand. Part C. Writing about Poetry On the poem, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W.H. Auden (Please cite the page number here). This satire ridicules the life of the unknown citizen, a life so average that it is perfectly in conformation to the expectations of society. Auden’s use of satirical humor is exemplified by his persona supposedly praising the average conformist, but really putting this conformist in ridule. The title alone is satirical; the conformist, ideal citizen is nameless, he is unknown despite the fact that he did everything right in his life. Instead, he is reduced into a code, JS/07 M 378, conveying the message that this person is treated as a statistical datum, and nothing more. Further, the use of certain departments, like the Bureau of Statistics (line 1) or Producers Research (line 18) that affirms the good qualities of the citizen is also satirical. If the unknown citizen led an insignificant life, why does he need to be investigated? This satire is an important, effective comment on the treatment of individuals in modern society. It is very effective in conveying the idea of man’s loss of his personal identity. The examples of irony in this poem include the title itself, â€Å"the unknown citizen.† He is insignificant and yet the state praises his insignificant existence. In addition, although he led a boring, conformed life, the state chose to investigate and examine his affairs. W.H. Auden cleverly used these ironic elements to reveal the absurdity of conformity He reveals this idea to the readers in a humorous satire using irony, so that readers relate to the poem well. This poem effectively communicates the ridiculous concept of uniformity in society. The feeling of outrage, however, is tempered by satirical humor, an interesting delightful mix. For this literary achievement, Auden deserves to be sincerely lauded. The reduction of human beings into mere numbers or statistics shows an insensitive, inhuman society. Uniformity is good for inanimate objects, but not for living, breathing, feeling individuals who are each so unique. I have always viewed conformity as a negative factor in living a healthy life. This poem re-affirmed my strong belief that there is strength in being different. To have people of varied backgrounds, intellect, convictions, and lifestyle in a society is to allow people to be free; free to be themselves, free from the shackles of conformity. However, I have to admit that I have a quality in common with the unknown citizen. I am a conformist up to the point of abiding the law. Our similarity, however, stops there. I rage against absurd uniformity, and for this, unlike the unknown citizen, I know that I am perfectly happy and free. How to cite The Ultimate Power Struggle: One’s Descent into Immorality, Essay examples

Animal Farm

Animal Farm-a political satire Essay The book Animal Farm, is a political satire of a totalitarian society ruled by a mighty dictatorship, in all probability an allegory for the events surrounding the Russian Revolution. The animals of Manor Farm overthrow their human master (Mr. Jones) after a long history of mistreatment. Little by little, the pigs become dominant, gaining more power and advantage over the other animals, so much so that they become as corrupt and power-hungry as their predecessors, the humans. Major (an old boar) tells them that the source of all their problems is man, and that they must remove man from their midst for hopes of a Utopia. After Majors death Napoleon and Snowball, two boars led the rebellion where soon things start to change. Orwell builds Napoleons career in reference to this quote, Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Napoleon cheated, manipulated, and killed because of greediness for ones place in power. Mr. Jones tries to reclaim his power but the animals p revent him from doing so in what they call The Battle of the Cowshed. After the battle, Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones side. This is just the beginning of what Napoleons plans are for the future of Manor Farm. This is no surprise coming from Napoleon, based on what he has done before, always disagreeing with Snowballs plans and thinking of his own. Napoleon is further appreciated by the other animals for exposing and removing the traitor, Snowball, from their midst. Napoleon now is on the midst of gaining more power then he could possibly handle. On one part, he didnt get this power fairly in the first place. Napoleon didnt do much while Snowball was around, so when Napoleon thought that the pigs were becoming corrupt bye Snowball. The theme in Animal Farm maintains that in every society there are leaders who, if given the opportunity, will likely abuse their power. The pigs, the most intelligent of the animals, gain control to make wise decision against the humans, but in turn they turn against each other. In one part of the book Napoleon had used the dogs to kill what he believed were the traitors at Manor Farm. Some of the pigs had confessed to being apart of Snowballs plans and having something to do with the neighboring farms, so Napoleon had them all killed in front of all the other animals. Once again Napoleon abuses his power and not forgetting breaking one the Seven Commandments that state No animal shall kill any other animal. The situation at Manor farm really starts to change now. Napoleon moves into Mr. Jones house, sleeps in his bed, and even wears his clothes. Once again Napoleon breaks one of the laws that were made for Manor Farm which states No animal shall sleep in a bed. This confuses the animals but they cant go back and read the commandments because they cant read. Aside from the laws, The pigs are also taking bigger food rations for themselves justifying their behavior as something n ecessary for the brains of their animal society. In order to make these actions appear right, they had to be interpreted differently, which Napoleon arranged. this was typical of the pigs, but yet the other animals didnt see the real picture. Soon the book ends with the pigs walking on two legs saying the Four legs good, Two legs better, and it ends with a question being Who are the humans and who are the animals?The theme throughout Animal Farm is presented through the allegory of corrupted pigs and the passivity of the other barnyard animals. Orwells message about power, in the hands of a few, is corrupting and does nothing to benefit the masses. The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didnt talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In the part of the book when Napoleon had the dogs charge Snowball to gain his place in leadership. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. Words/ Pages : 710 / 24 .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 , .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .postImageUrl , .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 , .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:hover , .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:visited , .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:active { border:0!important; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:active , .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974 .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a70fb6e7091381bedc86354be127974:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Paper

IPHIGENIA Essay Example For Students

IPHIGENIA Essay A monologue from the play by Jean Racine NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Dramatic Works of Jean Racine. Trans. Robert Bruce Boswell. London: George Bell and Sons, 1911. CLYTEMNESTRA: Fit offspring of a fatal stock!Thine is the blood of Atreus and Thyestes:Thy daughters murderer; there but remainsOne horror more, to serve her as a feastBefore her mother. Savage, this is thenThe gladsome sacrifice thou was preparingWith artful care! Did not thy hand refuseThe infamy of writing a commandSo cruel! Why dost thou pretend to feelA false distress? Think not that tears can proveA love that shrinks from bold defense in arms.Why has not blood been shed for her in torrents?What wreck and ruin till of thy resistance?What field of corpses coverd seals my mouth?Proofs such as these I would have had thee bring meOf thine affection and desire to save her.A fatal oracle ordains her death!But what an oracle may seem to sayNot always is its meaning. Can just HeavnThirst for the blood of innocence, or beHonourd by murder? If for Helens crimeHer kin are punishd, for her daughter sendTo Sparta. So let Menelaus ransomThe wife whose frailty in his eyes seems smallMatchd wit h her charms. But surely it is madnessTo make thyself the victim of her sin.And why should I, smiting upon my breast,With my own flesh and blood pay for her folly?Does Helen then, for whom such jealous firesWere kindled, curse of Europe and of Asia,Seem worthy of thine efforts to regain her?How often have we blushd to speak her name!Ere, to his woe, thy brother linkd his fateWith hers, she had been carried off by Theseus,Who, as thou knowest and hast heard from CalchasA thousand times, clandestinely unloosedHer virgin zone; and, pledge of that amour,A princess of her blood has been by herKept in concealment. But a brothers honourIs the least cause of thy solicitude:That lust of empire nothing can extinguish,The pride of seeing twenty monarchs serveAnd fear thee, empire to thine hands confided,These are the gods who claim this sacrificeFrom thee, who far from offering resistanceDost make a barbarous merit of submission.Jealous of powr that can excite their envy,Thou dost not grudge t o pay a heavy priceFrom thine own veins, that so thou mayest quellAll opposition to thy sovereign sway.Is this to be a father? Outraged natureRevolts at this perfidious cruelty.A priest, surrounded by a brutal crowd,Will on my child lay hands of violence,Rend her bared bosom, and with curious eyeFor omens search her palpitating heart!While I, who brought her hither proud and happy,Must needs go back alone and in despair!Still will the ways be scented with the flowrsThat neath her feet were scatterd as we came!It shall not be that to her doom I brought her,Or thou wilt have to add my death to hers.Ay, thou shalt never tear her from these arms,While life is mine: no fears can shake my purpose.Ruthless alike as husband and as fatherCome, if thou darest, snatch her from the breastThat nursed her!

What Makes An Ayn Rand Anthem Sample Essay Work?

What Makes An Ayn Rand Anthem Sample Essay Work?How does an Ayn Rand Anthem Sample essay work? Before we look at that question, let's first take a look at the basic fundamentals of why you need to write poetry. The next paragraph explains it better.Poetry is the art of expressing one's thoughts and feelings in a way that will bring back meaning for the reader. To express your thoughts in poetry, you have to think of words. To express your feelings, you have to feel them. And to feel your feelings, you have to express them in a poetic way.Now, with all that in mind, how does an Ayn Rand Anthem Sample essay work? It really depends on the purpose of the essay, the audience, and the style of the poem. But each example offers a unique story about why poetry is so important to so many people.Each of these essays are all about a person who has a favorite style of writing that he or she uses, whether it be journaling poetry, non-fiction, or fiction. Ayn Rand was one of those types of writers , and her poems are no different.An Ayn Rand Anthem Sample essay offers the reader a glimpse into what makes her unique. Her poems offer the chance to actually see what she looks like when she's writing her poems, how she writes, and what it's like to meet her. If this isn't enough, the entire essay can provide insight into Ayn Rand's life, including interesting stories about her parents, her childhood, and other details. All in all, it's a great way to learn about a great writer.The stories behind each Ayn Rand essay can also help students learn more about herself. You may have heard the stories about her growing up in Soviet Russia, how she was mistreated, and other incidents that shaped her view of the world. If you're considering entering Ayn Rand's poetry contest, this information can help you find out whether it's the right time for you to enter the competition.Ayn Rand's essays offer lessons on creating good writing, both for those who write and those who read. Students can l earn about style, structure, syntax, and what makes good poetry. Some poems include complex stories about historical figures, philosophers, and other things that make them interesting. Whether you're looking for inspiration for a poem or a way to learn about your own writing style, this is a great choice.One thing to keep in mind is that you don't have to follow in the footsteps of Ayn Rand, but there is much to be learned from her. It's a good idea to get some Ayn Rand inspired essays in writing and begin thinking about how the world of poetry can help you succeed.

Battle of Champion Hill in the American Civil War

Battle of Champion Hill in the American Civil War   Battle of Champion Hill - Conflict Date: The Battle of Champion Hill was fought May 16, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant32,000 men Confederates Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton22,000 men Battle of Champion Hill - Background: In late 1862, Major General Ulysses S. Grant commenced efforts to capture the key Confederate fortress of Vicksburg, MS. Situated high on the bluffs above the Mississippi River, the town was critical to controlling the river below. After encountering numerous difficulties in approaching Vicksburg, Grant elected to move south through Louisiana and cross the river below the town. He was assisted in this plan by Rear Admiral David D. Porters flotilla of gunboats. On April 30, 1863, Grants Army of the Tennessee began moving across the Mississippi at Bruinsburg, MS. Brushing aside Confederate forces at Port Gibson, Grant drove inland. With Union troops to the south, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg, Lieutenant General John Pemberton, began organizing a defense outside of the city and calling for reinforcements from General Joseph E. Johnston. The majority of these were sent to Jackson, MS though their travel to the city was slowed by damage inflicted to the railroads by Colonel Benjamin Griersons cavalry raid in April. With Grant pushing northeast, Pemberton anticipated that  Union troops  would drive directly on Vicksburg and began withdrawing back towards the city. Able to keep the enemy off balance, Grant instead attacked towards  Jackson with the goal of  cutting the Southern Railroad which connected the two cities. Covering his left flank with the  Big Black River, Grant pressed ahead with Major General James B. McPhersons XVII Corps on the right and issued orders for it  to proceed through Raymond to strike the railroad at Bolton. To McPhersons left, Major General John McClernands XIII Corps was to sever the Southern at Edwards while Major General William T. Shermans XV Corps was to attack between Edwards and Bolton at Midway (Map). On May 12, McPherson defeated some of the reinforcements from Jackson at the Battle of Raymond. Two days later, Sherman drove Johnstons men from Jackson and captured the city.   Retreating, Johnston instructed Pemberton to attack Grants rear. Believing this plan to  be  too dangerous and that it risked leaving Vicksburg uncovered, he instead marched against Union supply trains moving between Grand Gulf  and Raymond.   Johnston reiterated his order on May 16 leading Pemberton to plan a countermarch northeast  towards Clinton.  Ã‚  Having cleared his rear, Grant turned west to deal with Pemberton and begin the drive against  Vicksburg.   This saw McPherson  advance in the north, McClernand in the south,  while Sherman, having completed operations at  Jackson, brought  up the rear. Battle of Champion Hill - Contact:   As Pemberton contemplated his orders on the morning of May 16, his army was strung out along the Ratliff Road from its intersection with the Jackson and Middle Roads south to where it crossed the Raymond Road.   This saw Major General Carter Stevensons division  at the northern end of the line, Brigadier General John S. Bowens in the middle, and Major General William Lorings in the south.   Early in the day, Confederate cavalry encountered Union pickets from Brigadier General A.J. Smiths division from McClernands XIII Corps near a roadblock Loring had  erected on the Raymond Road.   Learning of this, Pemberton instructed Loring to hold off the enemy while the army commenced its march towards Clinton (Map). Hearing the firing, Brigadier General Stephen D. Lee of Stevensons division, became concerned about a potential threat up the Jackson Road to the northeast.   Sending forward scouts, he deployed his brigade on nearby Champion Hill as a precaution.   Shortly  after assuming this position, Union forces were spotted advancing down the road.   These were  the men of Brigadier General Alvin P. Hoveys Division, XIII Corps.   Seeing the danger, Lee  informed Stevenson who dispatched Brigadier General Alfred Cummings brigade to  form on Lees right.   To the south,  Loring formed his  division behind Jackson Creek and turned back an initial attack by Smiths division.   This done, he assumed a stronger position on a ridge near the Coker House. Battle of Champion Hill - Ebb and Flow: Reaching the Champion House, Hovey spotted the Confederates on his front.   Sending forward the brigades of Brigadier General George McInnis and Colonel James Slack, his forces began engaging Stevensons division.   Slightly to the south, a third Union column, led by Brigadier General Peter Osterhaus XIII Corps division approached the field on the  Middle Road  but halted when it encountered a Confederate roadblock.   As Hoveys men prepared to attack, they were reinforced by Major General John A. Logans Division from XVII Corps.   Forming on Hoveys right, Logans men were moving into position when Grant arrived around 10:30 AM.   Ordering Hoveys men to attack, the two brigades began advancing.   Seeing that Stevensons left flank was in the air, Logan directed Brigadier General John D. Stevensons brigade to strike this area.   The Confederate position was saved as Stevenson rushed Brigadier General Seth Bartons men to the left.   Barely arriving in time, they succeed ed covering the Confederate flank (Map). Slamming into Stevensons lines, McInnis and Slacks men began push the Confederates back.   With situation deteriorating, Pemberton directed Bowen and Loring to bring up their divisions.   As time passed and no troops appeared, a concerned  Pemberton began riding south and rushed forward Colonel Francis Cockrell and Brigadier General Martin Greens brigades from Bowens Division.   Arriving on Stevensons right, they struck Hoveys men and began driving them back  over Champion Hill.   In a desperate situation, Hoveys men were saved by the arrival of Colonel George B. Boomers  brigade of  Brigadier General Marcellus Crockers division  which helped stabilize their line.   As the rest of Crockers division, the brigades of Colonels Samuel A. Holmes and John B. Sanborn, joined the fray, Hovey rallied his men and the combined force counterattacked. Battle of Champion Hill -  Victory Achieved: As the line in the north began to waver, Pemberton became increasingly irate at Lorings inaction.   Possessing a deep personal dislike of Pemberton, Loring had realigned his division but had done nothing to shift men toward the fighting.   Committing Logans men to fight, Grant began to overwhelm Stevensons position.   The Confederate right broke first and was followed by Lees men.   Storming forward, Union forces captured the entire 46th Alabama.   To further worsen Pembertons situation, Osterhaus renewed his advance on the Middle Road.   Livid, the Confederate commander rode off in search of Loring.   Encountering Brigadier General Abraham Bufords brigade, he rushed it forward. As he returned to his headquarters, Pemberton learned that Stevenson and Bowens lines had been shattered.   Seeing no alternative, he ordered a general retreat south to the Raymond Road and west to a bridge over Bakers Creek.   While beaten troops flowed southwest, Smiths artillery opened on Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghmans brigade which was still  blocking the Raymond Road.   In the exchange, the  Confederate commander was killed.   Retreating to  Raymond Road, Lorings men  attempted to follow Stevenson and Bowens divisions over the Bakers Creek Bridge.   They were prevented from doing  so by Union brigade that had crossed upstream and had turned south in an attempt to cut off the Confederate retreat.   As a result, Lorings Division moved south before circling around Grant to reach Jackson.   Fleeing the field, Stevenson and Bowens divisions made for defenses along the Big Black River. Battle of Champion Hill - Aftermath: The bloodiest engagement of the campaign to reach Vicksburg, the Battle of Champion Hill saw Grant suffer 410 killed, 1,844 wounded, and 187 missing/captured while Pemberton incurred 381 killed, 1,018 wounded, and 2,441 missing/captured.   A key moment in the  Vicksburg Campaign, the victory ensured that Pemberton and Johnston would not be able to unite.  Ã‚  Forced  to  begin falling back towards the city, Pemberton and Vicksburgs fate were essentially sealed.   Conversely, having been defeated, Pemberton  and Johnston failed to  isolate Grant in central  Mississippi, cut off his supply lines to the river, and win a key victory for the Confederacy.  Ã‚  In the wake of the battle, Grant was critical of McClernands inaction.  Ã‚  He firmly believed that had XIII Corps attacked with vigor, Pembertons army could have been destroyed and the  Siege of Vicksburg avoided.   After spending the night at Champion Hill,  Grant continued his pursuit the next day and w on another victory at the Battle of Big Black River  Bridge.    Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Battle of Champion HillBattle of Champion HillCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Champion Hill

Introduction to Evergreen Bagworm Moths

Introduction to Evergreen Bagworm Moths If you are unfamiliar with bagworm, you might never notice it on the evergreens in your yard. Cleverly disguised in their bags made from the foliage of the host tree, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis larvae feed on cedars, arborvitae, junipers, and other favorite landscape trees. Description Despite its nickname, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis is not a worm, but a moth. The bagworm lives its entire life cycle inside the safety of its bag, which it constructs with silk and interwoven bits of foliage. The larval form appears worm-like, hence the name bagworm. Identifying bagworm in the landscape requires a good eye capable of recognizing their excellent camouflage. Because bagworm usually infests evergreen trees, the brown bags may be overlooked at first, appearing like seed cones. Look for suspicious cone-shaped bundles of dried brown foliage, up to 2 inches long, that match the trees needles or leaves. Only the adult male moth leaves the protection of its bag when ready to mate. The moth is black, with clear wings that span roughly an inch across. Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class – Insecta Order – Lepidoptera Family - Psychidae Genus - Thyridopteryx Species - ephemeraeformis Bagworm Diet Bagworm larvae feed on the foliage of both evergreen and deciduous trees, especially these favorite host plants: cedar, arborvitae, juniper, and false cypress. In the absence of these preferred hosts, bagworm will eat the foliage of just about any tree: fir, spruce, pine, hemlock, sweetgum, sycamore, honey locust, and black locust. Adult moths do not feed, living just long enough to mate. Life Cycle Bagworm, like all moths, undergoes complete metamorphosis with four stages. Egg:Â  In late summer and fall, the female lays up to 1,000 eggs in her case. She then leaves her bag and drops to the ground; the eggs overwinter.Larva:Â  In late spring, larvae hatch and disperse on silken threads. They immediately begin feeding and constructing their own bags. As they grow, the larvae enlarge their bags by adding more foliage. They stay within the safety of their bags, sticking their heads out to feed and carrying the bags from branch to branch. Frass falls out of the bottom end of the cone-shaped bag through an opening. Pupa:Â  When the larvae reach maturity in late summer and prepare to pupate, they attach their bags to the underside of a branch. The bag is sealed shut, and the larvae turn to head down inside the bag. The pupal stage lasts four weeks.Adult:Â  In September, adults emerge from their pupal cases. Males leave their bags to fly in search of mates. Females have no wings, legs, or mouthparts, and remain within their bags. Special Adaptations and Defenses The bagworms best defense is its camouflage bag, worn throughout its life cycle. The bag allows otherwise vulnerable larvae to move freely from place to place. Female moths, though confined to their bags, attract mates by releasing strong sex pheromones. Males leave their bags to find partners when they sense the chemical alert from females. Habitat Bagworms live anywhere suitable host plants are available, especially forests or landscapes with cedar, juniper, or arborvitae. In the U.S., bagworms range from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Texas and Nebraska. This pest is native to North America.

Organizational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organizational Management - Essay Example One of the ways in which employees can be made happy is through employee motivation. This requires knowledge of the above mentioned disciplines and related theories. Due to its importance, employee motivation has been the subject of serious study by many theorists and scholars over a period of time. The objective of this research paper is to study employee motivation Research questions: Money is considered to be a motivating factor for all employees, but studies have indicated that they are motivated by other factors also. The research question in this study is given below. Literature review and methodology: A literature review will be done on the area. A methodology using primary and secondary data will also be used to substantiate the findings. A survey among the employees of the organization where this researcher is working as an administrative head will be conducted Human Resource Management is one of the most important topics of study in the organizational management today. The word organization was used because this area of study affects all types of organizations. They can be the government and government organizations, they can be organizations run for profit like corporations and companies and they can be run not-for profit. In each case managing of the human capital is important for the efficient functioning of the organizations. The field is a very vast one with elements of psychology, anthropology, economics, etc being included in the study. This paper forms a part of a research proposal that looks at HRM in general with regard to the career options of this writer. This writer is working as an administrative head in a large manufacturing organization that is planning to expand into international markets. The proposal will focus on a specific area of human resources management namely managing employee motivation which is an essential

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 403

Assignment Example The program effectiveness lies in the fact that it enables all companies whether large or small to get access to financing when converting exports to sales. Many businesses are currently using the program to help whenever they have emergencies in exporting their products yet they face cash deficit. Additionally, the U.S Export-Import Bank only fills the gap left in the financial market by the existing banks (Krahmer, 1990). That increases its effectiveness because businesses use it when under financial need. The flexibility of the program makes it quite effective in use by the enterprise originations (Liu, 2011). As Liu (2011) reports, the program also offers other benefits such as enabling the applying company to purchase raw materials and a collection of accounts receivable. It also guarantees the provision of working capital to the firms at any moment. Additionally, the program reduces the bureaucracy involved in getting a loan. For instance, the application fee is approximately $100 submitted with company’s financial statements for at least the past one year. The time saved by having a short chain of procedures further makes the program effective in helping the business firms sort out their financial emergencies or

History Of The Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay

History Of The Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay The stewardship theory holds a different approach from that of the agency theory, it first premise is that, the company serves a large range of social purposes rather than just trying to maximize the wealth of shareholders. The stewardship theory also called the stakeholders theory assumes that corporations are social entities that affect stakeholders welfare and stakeholders are individuals interacting with the firms directly, therefore, they can affect or affected by the achievement of the firms objectives(Donaldson and preston,1995, freeman,1984) According to Starik and Rands(1995), a companys success can be judge by its ability to add stakeholders value(starik and rands,1995,Dunphy et al,2003).stakeholders will only return to a firm for more when they always get what they wantFreeman,1984, freeman and Mc Vea,2001).Hence stakeholders are regarded as instrumental to corporate success and they tend to possess some moral and legal rights(Donaldson and Preston,1995, Ulrich,2008).Companies management have to take in to consideration the claims or concern of stakeholders in their decision making process(Blair, 1995), stakeholders participation in the companys decision making process enhance better efficiency (Turnbull,1994) and also reduces conflicts(Rothman and friedman, 2001). A company can use two approaches when considering or integration stakeholders in their decision making (kaptein and van Tulder,2003). These two approaches are reactive and proactive approach. Reactive approach on one hand is when the concern of stakeholders are not considered or integrated in making corporate decision. This usually leads to misalignment of the companys objectives and the demands of stakeholders (Mackenzie,2007).The scandals of world com was attributed to the fact that they never integrated the stakeholder concern in their decision making processes(Curral and Epstem,2003, Turnbull,2002, walkins,2003 and Zandstra,2002) .In respond to these scandals, some regulations were set up by governments with the aim of aligning stakeholders interest with corporate objectives. For instance, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. On the other hand, the proactive approach is when companies integrate the concern of stakeholders in their corporate decision making process, thus establishes a good cor porate governance structure( de wit et al, 2006). 3.5 Summary of the theories. The knowledge of agency theory can be credited to Coase (1937) however the ideas of this theory was practical only to directors and boards since the 1980s.Following . agency theory, individuals are self-interested and not altruistic, therefore individuals can never be trusted to always act in others best interest. On the other hand,, individuals will always want to maximize their utilities functions, the agency theory considered managers and shareholders relationship as a contract ( Adams, 2002). This means that managers actions must be properly monitored to guarantee that they always act in shareholders best interest. The stewardship theory on its part opted that companys board of directors and their CEO, acting as stewards, are encouraged to act in the companys best interests and not trying to satisfy their selfish interests. This is partly because, previously senior executives regarded companies as an extension of themselves (Clarke, 2004; Wheelen Hunger, 2002).The stewardship theory therefore suggested that,like shareholders, top management of a company should care more on the future success of the company (Mallin, 2004). 3.6 The impact of Audit committee The AC is seen to have great impacts in attempt to ensure good corporate governance. These impacts can be seen on audit process and audit fees 3.6.1 The impact of AC on Audit process It has been acknowledge that AC has a pertinent role to play in verifying and protecting the integrity of the companys financial statement and the company internal control systems (Abbott et al, 2004; klein, 2003; Australian accounting research foundation et al, 2001).Included in this role, the AC has the responsibility of guaranteeing the independence and competence of external auditors(ASX, 2003;Australian accounting research foundation, 2001).According to Sabones-Oxley act, the AC has the responsibility to appoint auditors and they have to oversees the performance of the auditors regarding the firms external financial reporting(US congress, 2002) It was argued by smith report (2003) that AC have to review the engagement memo at the start of audit and the AC has to take in to consideration the audit scope and the suitability of the work that is planed.Furthermore, according to smith report,(2003) ,at the end of the audit work, the AC have to evaluate the the audit findings and management opinions regarding the auditors recommendations. As a recommendation, AC has to meet with external auditors at least on a yealy basis in the absence of the management to deliberate on issues arising fro the audit (smith report, 2003, Australian accounting and research foundation et al, 2001). Some research has been carried out to sample auditors view regarding the impact of AC on audit. Cohen et al,(2002) carried out a structured interview sampling the opinions of auditors. It was revealed that AC has a less significant role to play on audit process compared to senior management or the board. In this interview, the auditors specified that they only met with AC 2 to 3 times a year and in these meetings, the AC plays a passive role rather than acting proactive as the auditors tends to be reporting to the AC. However, deliberations with AC are reported to have significant impact on the audit risk assessment and audit setting(cohen et al, 2002). Another key area where AC has a pertinent role to play in audit process is to resolve conflicts between the management and the auditors(cohen et al,2002, Turley and Zaman, 2004).As revealed by beattie et al (2000), AC seems to diminish the confrontational strength of interaction between the auditors and management by increasing the level of discussion and reducing the need for negotiation(Beattie et al (2000).On the other hand, some studies like Dezoort et al,2003;Dezoort and salterio, 2001:and knapp,1987) observed influential factors on the AC decisions to support auditors in steads of the management. Such factors include, AC members expertise and experiences, the nature of the conflict, the auditors perseverance and clients financial situation. 3.6.2 The impact of AC on Audit fees A good number of studies have found out that there is a link between audit fees and the AC.( Goodwin-stewart and kent, 2006; sharma, 2003).This is seen on the AC role of guaranteeing that audit hours are not cut down to a level that will compromise audit quality(Cadbury committee, 1992,;jack, 1993).According to smith report(2003), in situations where the AC is not contented with the audit scope, more work or task has to be requested. Also, the AC have to be satisfied that the audit fee is appropriate and that efficient and effective auditing performance will be achieved for the fees charged. As a consequent, incase the AC fails to carry out their responsibilities properly, they will lose their status or reputation and will face litigation when there is audit failure(Abbott et al, 2003).Therefore, the AC have high incentives to request for good auditing quality. Chapter 4 4.1 Corporate Governance issues in Developing Countries (Cameroon) According to Wallace (1990), developing countries are defined as those countries found in mid-stream of development and are referred to anamorphous and heterogeneous group of countries found mostly in Africa ,Asia, Latin America ,Middle East and Oceanea. There exist difference between developed and developing countries in terms of culture, politics and market economics (Waweru and Uliana,2005).Due to lack in skilled human resources, developing countries therefore find it difficult to attract personnels verse with accounting and financial skills in their committees. The cultural variation between highly individualistic countries ( like North America) and highly collectivistic countries (like Africa) necessitate different corporate governance arrangements. Rabelo and Vasconcelos (2002) pointed out factors like economic trends towards globalization, under developed capital market as well as government intervention has made the model of corporate governance to differ from those in Europe an countries and North America. Mensah (2002) argued that countries in Africa are not well equipped in implementing the kind of corporate governance found in the western world because of the economic and political regimes characterizing these countries(example weak fraudulent legal and judicial regimes ,state ownership of companies as well limited capacity in skilled human resources.). Corporate governance structures in less develop countries are determined by the zeal to maintain control by the majority shareholders over firms ,the dependent on debt finance, weak financial markets and ineffective legal system (Rabelo and Vasconcelos,2002).Developing countries are always confronted with problems like less developed and illiquid capital markets, economic uncertainties ,investors protection as well as weak legal and judicial control system (Tsamenyi et al,2007). According to Goddard and Masters(2000),audit committees has become more relevant and prevalent latterly but however there is paucity in the empirical research about their value. Kalbers and fogarty(1993) further indicated that the issue of whether audit committees are really discharging their relevance responsibility remain insufficiently understood, suggesting therefore the need to examine the ways audit committees are operating in developing countries like Cameroon In Cameroon, most companies are owned by institutions and such institutions are owned by the state(government), therefore most board members are serving the position as management of shareholders not because of their qualification neither their experiences(Mensah,2002).Audit committees operations in developing countries are different compared with the practices in developed countries .In 2001,the Cameroon capital market authority gave guidelines regarding corporate governance activities for listed companies.one of this guideline was that which called all boards to form audit committees comprising at least three independent non-executive directors. Figure 2, corporate governance(CG) fram work in Cameroon 4.2 The legal and Regulatory Framework of corporate governance for listed companies in Cameroon Cameroon operates under two systems of laws namely ;the common law and the civil law. The bilingual nature of Cameroon is inherited from Britain and France when the county came under the administration of these two great powers. Therefore Cameroon has a bijural system with the English Common Law effective in the two Anglophone provinces of North West and South West and the French Civil Law effective in the eight francophone provinces namely ; Adamaoua, Centre, East, Far North, Littoral, North, West and South. The surveillance of the principles of good corporate governance in Cameroon listed companies have been protected by the mixture of voluntary and mandatory mechanisms .The DSX code of best practices for listed companies in Cameroon is voluntary and is aim at enhancing good business practices and standard for all listed companies in Cameroon. On the other hand, mandatory corporate governance requirements linked to companies are enclosed in the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2001).(CAMA). The following bodies are loaded with the responsibilities of guaranteeing effective management, accountability and control of companies in Cameroon.it is important to deliberate on the respective roles and responsibilities of these institutions . 4.2.1 The Douala Stock Exchange(DSX) The DSX is the top regulatory organ of stock market in Cameroon. DSX was formed , and organized in agreement with the provisions of degree No.99/015 of the 22nd December, 1999.but it went effective from 2001. The DSX is both a standard bearer of the national economic and the financial community .It is a public limited company with board of directors. DSX has a total capital of 1.8 billions CFA of which 7% is owned by private commercial banks , credit foncier of Cameroon and the Dutch bank FMO, 23% by public interest and 13.3% by private insurance companies. In Cameroon, the number of companies listed in the Stock market is very insignificant. There are only three companies listed in the DSX namely the mineral water company(SEMC), the African society of Agriculture and forest Cameroon(SAFACAM) and the Cameroon Society of palms(SOCAPALM),DSX got as it main objective the promotion of active stock market by creating a conductive investment environment to encourage foreign investors to in vest in Cameroon. To ensure appropriate standards of conduct and expertise in security business, one of the main functions of DSX is to ensure total protection of securities, the registering of all security merchants, investment consultants and physical market like the stock exchange trading floors or branches. In custody of its mandate of spreading good corporate governance, the DSX presented the code of best practices for companies listed in Cameroon. The aim of this code was to make sure that managers and companies shareholders perform their obligations within the context of accountability and transparency. This code of best practices focuses more on the board of directors, the audit committee and the shareholders. 4.2.2 The Board Of Directors ( BODs) The code of best practices focuses more on the board responsibilities and their functions. The board have the obligation of directing the activities of the company in a legal and efficient manner as well as ensuring that the company progresses in its value creation process. According to the code, the main functions of the board are strategic preparation, selection, performance assessment and compensation of senior executives. communiquà © with shareholders, guaranteeing the truthfulness of financial control and report and also guarantee that ethical business standards are upheld and that the company is in compliance with Cameroon laws .The code endorses the board size of almost 15 members and a least 5 members made up of both executive and non-executives directors. 4.2.3 The Audit Committee (AC) The DSX code of best practices identify the importance of audit committee due to its strategic position in guaranteeing good corporate governance standards in companies. The recommendations of audit committee are an addition to the provisions of CAMA. The main duties of audit committee can be summaries as listed below; To determine if the company accounting and reporting policies are in compliance with the legal requirements and in accordance with ethical business practices Reviewing the scope and the preparation of audit requirements -Ensure the effectiveness of the companys accounting system and internal control -Make approval to the board concerning the appointment, dismissal and compensation of the companys external auditors -Approve the internal auditors to conduct investigations on activities which are of prime interest to the committee -the appraisal of the integrity of the firms financial statements; -To counsel the board on the trustworthiness of financial and maybe other informations that has to be published in the name of the board; -To supervise the financial reporting and disclosure procedures -The deliberation on the nature and scope of the audit with the external auditors -To evaluate the management memo from the external auditor; -To ensure the effectiveness of the internal control operations of the firm To evaluate any substantial findings of internal investigations 4.2.4. The Shareholders The DSX code of best practices for corporate governance in Cameroon made a series of recommendations to ease shareholders contribution at the general meeting. In respect of this, the place for the general meeting has to be such that it is conceivable and affordable in both cost and distance, to permit a mainstream of shareholders to be present in the meeting and to vote, thus avoiding the violation of shareholders right. The code also necessitates that sufficient notice of such meetings should be made available to shareholders and these meeting notices should reach the shareholders a least 21 working days before the meeting day. The notice must contain informations on the annual reports , financial statements and other relevant information to allow them to vote appropriately on these issues. The general meeting is like a venue for the companys board to communicate and boosts shareholders contribution in the companys governance 4.2.5 The Government The role of Cameroon government is not left out in ensuring good corporate governance practices. The government offers the legal frameworks for firms incorporation, outline the limits of business activities, the government ensures that the companys operations are in compliance with formed standards and that stakeholders obligations are met. The basic principles which are entrenched in the stature regarding the management and control of business corporations in Cameroon include; -The acknowledgment of company as a legal entity different from its owners. -Infinite life of a company due to shares transferability -The designated board supervises the running of the company and is answerable to the all members on their stewardship. -The directors has the obligations of keeping good records of the financial issues of the company and make proper returns. There are three main legal form for doing business in Cameroon that is, an individual functioning as a sole owner without formality, a partnership of a least two persons and the creation of a limited liability company recorded under CAMA. The CAMA gives a lot of tasks to the board members to direct the companys activities effectively to guarantee business accountability, transparency and responsible to firms owners and stakeholders. 4.3 The Actors of Corporate governance; Managers and shareholders In Cameroon, there is a cumulative rise of the question of what companies owners will become as they are simply the viewers on the management of their money by managers. To answers this question, we have to look at Managers behaviors, however Managers behaviors varies depending on shareholders influential abilities. Managers behaviors defined the importance of Corporate governance in companies due to the critical position they occupy in the value creation process (Caby and Hirigoyen,2001) and also due to the detachment of ownership and decision making functions. Managers as shareholders agent have as their key objective to manage the business at shareholders best interest(Ross,1973 and Jensen and meckling,1976) but however both the manager and firms owners has varied utility functions and each tries to maximize its utility function(Ross,1973).Agency conflicts or problems can then result from managers opportunistic behaviors .For instances, managers are much motivated in seeking compa nys growth because their salary depends on it .(Baker ,Jensen and Murphy,19958),Also there is the issue of diversification that managers are always interested on .Managers can have the will to diversify risk but it will contradict shareholders interest (Aminud, and Lev,1981).Managers occupy a pivotal position in a company as they represent shareholders and act as the employees superior authority their arbitrations are difficult(Arcinles,1995).Corporate governance role is then to aligned managers attitudes near shareholders and stakeholder wealth maximization criteria. However , the extend to which corporate governance is importance is determined by the power exerted by shareholders and board of directors operations. shareholders having greater shares; This role of firms owner with larger shares is been justified by schileifer and Vishny,(1986)as a guarantee of managers discipline when there is capital dispersion, to supervise managers activities is then difficult and very costly to a shareholder taking it individually. Therefore to obtain optimal monitoring which is profitable to all shareholders, only shareholders with greater shares are allowed to incurred monitoring expenses .It is in this light that Jensen (1993) mentioned the nation of Active shareholders -Financial monitoring plays a role in situations where a company like joint stock company is been controlled by a group of persons whom because of their share capital contribution or as a result of foreign ownership representative can significantly influence the companys management. -The importance of family monitoring.(Allouche and Amann,2000) regard family shareholding as source of active shareholding .For instance, in Cameroon ,family shareholding have unequal economic roles and they tend to represent the main proportion of the country economic fabric .Factors such as confidence and family ties can explain their outstanding performance (Bourdieu,2002) Chapter 5; Research Methodology 5.1 Introduction Research method deals with the style in which datas are collected, analyze and interpreted to achieve the study objectives. This chapter will treat the design and method used to address the study questions as it was mentioned in chapter 1.This research made used of questionnaires survey and interview survey . 5.2 The questionnaire survey Questionnaires is the widely used method in social science fields ((Easterby-Smith et al, 2001; 2008). This is a method in which all participants are asked almost the same questions in the same situation (Easterby-Smith et al., 2001; Li et al., 2000;Merriam, 1988; Payne, 1980). In this study, a questionnaire was developed from a review of related conceptual, theoretical and pre-tested with a sample of auditing practioners. The questionnaires which is made up of 58 questions in total (see appendix 2) directly addresses the study objectives. This questionnaires centers on the audit committees operations, composition, financial skill, independence, self-evaluation, relationships, major achievements and outstanding challenges facing audit committee .A majority of these questions are Yes or NO question type and in the others, the respondents were expected to rate the committee achievements with a score of 4(to a greater extend ) to a score of 1(not at all). The researcher circulated the questionnaires to all targeted respondents which included ; audit committee chairpersons, company secretaries and the finance heads of the 3 listed companies in DSX with audit committee in place. This gave a total of 9 questionnaires ( 3 audit committee chairpersons, 3 company Secretaries and 3 finance heads) which was sent to these three sample groups. In regard to external auditors, this research included only auditing firms that carry out the statutory audit of companies listed in the DSX in the most recent 2 years. It is well noted that the DSX have enforce certain qualification for audit firms that can carry out statutory audit of the listed companies. One major qualification is that, the audit Firm has to be a partnership or joint venture entity, nonetheless a majority of the audit firms in Cameroon are owned by sole proprietors .In Cameroon, there are over 30 registered audit firms but only 6 audit firms are qualified to carry out the external aud iting for listed companies in DSX in the last 2 years .this survey involved all the 16 partners of the 6 qualified firms, therefore making a general total sample of 25 that received the questionnaires. Table 1. The sample Questionnaire survey analysis Group sample Sample size percentage AC chairpersons 3 12% Finance heads 3 12% Company secretaries 3 12% External auditors 16 64% Grand total 25 100% 5.3 Administration of the questionnaire survey The researcher mailed the questionnaires to the participants on the 12th December 2012 . The Mail package comprised a set of questionnaires, a motivating letter , a free post envelope and the researcher return address. The motivating letter is supportive in gaining higher response rate, this is because the motivating letter clarifies the participants on the purpose and importance of the study. In this motivating letter (see appendix 1), the researcher highlights the nature and importance of the survey, inviting to complete the questionnaire, guaranteeing the confidentiality of the participants responses. To enhance higher response rate by the respondents, the researcher exerted maximum efforts to monitor the survey through e-mails and telephone calls. 5.4 Response of the questionnaire survey The researcher mailed a total of 25questionaires out of which he received the response of 23 participants. 6 participants were considered disable in the survey. The details of this is given in the table below. Table 2, response analysis Description Mail sent Received Response rate unable AC chairpersons 3 3 100% 0 Finance heads 3 3 100% 0 Company secretaries 3 3 100% 0 External auditors 16 10 62.5% 6 Total 25 19 76% 6 The table shows that an overall response rate of 76% was conceived (19 out of 25).All the AC chairpersons, the finance heads and the company secretaries of the 3 listed companies in DSX (SEMC,SOCAPALM, and SAFACAM) responded to the questionnaires each having a response rate of 100%.However, the External auditor had a response rate of 62.5%( 10 out of 16).6 of the external auditors never responded to the questionnaires due to geographical dispersal and busy work schedules . SPSS was used in analyzing the datas , the researcher made use of frequencies to assemble raw data to facilitate interpretation, the average was used to rank the scares. However, the researcher did not conduct any statistical analysis since with 19 useable respondents, the subgrouping will be very minute for a significant statistics. Nonetheless, with the fact that 5 of the respondents declared their willingness to further participate in this study and the high questionnaire response rate of 76%; the research findings are still going to be meaningful. 5.5 Interview Survey The primary aim for the researcher to carry out an interview survey in this research is to permit participants to develop further their opinions because the closed questions of the questionnaire sealed participants into arbitrarily limited alternatives (Foddy, 1999). The researcher made used of semi structured interview method in conducting the interview. This method eases the researcher control over the time, content and the arrangement of the interview. Furthermore, this method permitted the interviewer to pose penetrating questions that gave a deeper understanding of the research issue. Consequently, semi-structured interview was carried out to confirm the outcomes of the questionnaire survey and to get a deeper understanding of the findings. 5.6 Administration of Interview survey The 5 respondents from the questionnaire survey who indicated their willingness for further participation in this study were the participants for the interview. This group of interviewees were made up of 2 AC chairpersons , 2 external auditors and 1 finance head. The researcher contacted the interviewees firstly through telephone to book for appointment. The interviewees were later e-mailed the interview agenda(see appendix 3) to enable them know beforehand what will be deliberated and also to confirm the appointments(date and time) The Interviews were conducted on working days through telephone, at the start of each interview, the researcher presented himself, explained the purpose for the study and guaranteed the interviewee the confidentiality of their responses. Each interview lasted for at most 30 minutes. 2 of the participants were interviewed on the same day and the rest of the 3 participants were interviewed on 3 separate days ( all on working days and in the same week).The discussion questions were centered on the participants backgrounds, the attributes of AC (composition, size, qualification, experience),the roles of AC to ensure good corporate governance ,some of the achievements and limitations. The interview ended with words of appreciations from the researcher. All the 5 respondents who opted for the interview made them self-available and their responses supplemented the questionnaire response to give a deeper understanding of the research issue. The high response rate of the questionnaire survey and the interview will make the research findings and discussion very meaningful. Chapter 6; Finding and Discussions 6.1 Introduction This chapter is to discuss the findings of the surveys. The researcher is going to present the findings in 3 main subjects of the survey namely; audit committee operations, relationships and major achievements/challenges. However, it is very necessary to talk about the background of the respondents that participated in this survey. The details are given in the table below. Table 3. Educational qualification of respondents Degree AC chairperson Finance heads secretaries External auditors Total N ° rate N ° rate N ° rate N ° rate N ° rate Bachelor 0 0 1 33.3% 2 66.7% 0 0 3 16% masters 1 33.3% 1 33.3% 1 33.3% 3 30% 6 32% Doctorate 2 66.7% 1 33.4% 0 0 7 70% 10 52% Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3 100% 3 100% 3 100% 10 100% 19 100% The above table reveals that, out of a sample of 3 for AC chairpersons, 2 chairperson have obtained a doctorate degree as their highest educational qualification(66.7%) and 1 with masters degree(33.3%).In the sample of finance heads,1 had a bachelor degree,1 masters degree and 1 a doctorate degree giving a 33.31% to each degree. In the part of the company secretaries,2 obtained a bachelor degree(66.7%) and 1 a masters degree(33.3%).Lastly for external auditors, out of 10 who responded to the survey(6 where considered unable),3 holds a masters degree(30%) and 7 a doctorate degree(70%).In total, out of 19 respondents who participated in the survey, 3 are holders of bachelor degree(16%),6 holds masters degree(32%) and 10 doctorate degree holders(52%).All the 4 groups of respondent have qualifications and experience in fields related to accounting, finance, economics, marketing and management 6.2 The Operations of AC It has been revealed that all the respondents have established audit committee charters, though only 60% of the charters are updated yearly whereas the 40% specified that their charters are been updated as needs arises. This complies with the literature which says that firms should established a tailor made charter, however this is contradictory with the commendation of yearly updates of charters (Hoi et al ,2007: Rezaee et al, 2003).we can base this on the limited human resource capacities in less developed countries (Mensah, 2002). AC has as their main duty to oversee the companys financial reporting scheme. The AC must have th